Preenchendo a lacuna estrutural: ligações geopolíticas que explicam o Conselho de Defesa Sul-Americano
No. 101 (2020-01-01)Autor(es)
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Víctor M. MijaresUniversidad de los Andes (Colombia)
Resumo
Objetivo/contexto: Em 2008-09, a nascente União das Nações Sul-Americanas, UNASUL, concordou e formalizou a criação de um de seus órgãos mais ambiciosos, o Conselho de Defesa da América do Sul. A origem desse conselho foi surpreendente, pois alguns estados rivais, bem como outros cujos interesses de segurança e defesa estavam distantes entre si, participaram. Seu desempenho foi marcado por essa origem contraditória, que resultou em seu fracasso, uma década depois, em 2018, com a divisão da UNASUL. Este artigo propõe elementos para uma explicação complementar da trajetória do Conselho de Defesa da UNASUL, apontando os vínculos geopolíticos. Metodologia: Este estudo de caso empírico que combina análise quantitativa e qualitativa das capacidades nacionais e das tendências geopolíticas contemporâneas. Também inclui a revisão de documentos oficiais e a apresentação de resultados processados de entrevistas semiestruturadas com diplomatas e oficiais militares sulamericanos. Conclusões: A principal contribuição deste artigo é que mostra como a (des)concentração econômica global, a (re)orientação geoestratégica dos Estados Unidos e a dinâmica geopolítica contemporânea das instituições regionais formam um conjunto adequado de causas para uma explicação estrutural sobre a origem, desempenho e declínio do Conselho de Defesa da América do Sul. Originalidade: Diferentemente da maioria das explicações que vêm dando sobre o destino do Conselho de Defesa da América do Sul e da UNASUL em geral, focado principalmente em causas domésticas, este artigo apresenta uma explicação sistêmica e estrutural que liga a dinâmica institucional e institucional. Segurança sul-americana com processos globais de maior alcance. Além disso, chega a conclusões potencialmente replicáveis em outras regiões e períodos a partir de uma combinação de ferramentas de pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa.
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