Historias de violencia sexual en la América Latina de los siglos xix y xx: una introducción
No. 86 (2022-10-01)Autor/a(es/as)
-
Daniel J.R. GreyUniversity of Hertfordshire, uk
-
Eliza Teixeira de ToledoCasa de Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Brasil
Resumen
Objetivo/Contexto: Este artículo explica por qué los acontecimientos actuales exigen la exploración de las historias de violencia sexual, situando los cuatro artículos que componen este dossier en su contexto historiográfico y social más amplio. A pesar del importante corpus que hasta la fecha ha explorado temas relacionados con el género y la sexualidad en la región en los siglos xix y xx, la violencia sexual sigue siendo muy poco estudiada. Metodología: Vinculándose con las protestas contra la violencia y el acoso sexual y de género en Brasil y a nivel internacional desde mediados de la década de 2010, como la campaña global #MeToo en 2017, el artículo revisa la erudición actual relacionada con las historias de violencia sexual. Originalidad: Este dossier representa una valiosa colección de ensayos, dedicada específicamente a la historia de la violencia sexual en América Latina durante los siglos xix y xx. El artículo muestra por qué es este un tema tan urgente para la consideración de los historiadores en 2022 y contextualiza las contribuciones a continuación. Conclusiones: Hay una necesidad urgente de seguir investigando las historias de violencia sexual durante la modernidad tardía en los diferentes países de América Latina, especialmente porque los temas destacados por los cuatro autores —y en particular los relacionados con la discriminación y los estereotipos de género, raza y clase que perjudican a las víctimas— aún son relevantes en las experiencias contemporáneas.
Referencias
Primary Sources
Printed Primary Documentation
Rodrigues, Raimundo Nina. Manual de Autópsia Médico-legal. Salvador: Reis & Comp., 1901.
Taylor, Alfred Swaine. The Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence. London: J. Churchill and Sons, 1865.
Secondary Sources
Aidoo, Lamonte. Slavery Unseen: Sex, Power, and Violence in Brazilian History. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018.
Almeida, Heloisa Buarque de. “From shame to visibility: Hashtag Feminism and Sexual Violence in Brazil.” Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad 33 (2019): 19-41, doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-6487.sess.2019.33.02.a
Alvarez, Sonia A. Engendering Democracy in Brazil: Women’s Movements in Transition Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
Bates, Victoria. Sexual Forensics in Victorian and Edwardian England: Age, Crime and Consent in the Courts. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Boesten, Jelke. Sexual Violence during War and Peace: Gender, Power, and Post-Conflict Justice in Peru. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Bohn, Simone, and Charmain Levy. “The Women’s Movement in Brazil.” In Twenty-First Century Feminismos. Women’s Movements in Latin America and the Caribbean, edited by Simone Bohn and Charmaine Levy, 202-229. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2021.
Bourke, Joanna. Rape: A History from 1860 to the Present Day. London: Virago, 2007.
Bourke, Joanna. Disgrace: Global Reflections on Sexual Violence. London: Reaktion Books, 2022.
Bueno-Hansen, Pascha. “The Emerging LGBTI Rights Challenge to Transitional Justice in Latin America,” International Journal of Transitional Justice 12, n.º 1 (2018): 126–145, doi https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijx031.
Burke, Tarana. Unbound: My Story of Liberation and the Birth of the Me Too Movement. London: Headline, 2021.
Caldwell, Kia Lilly. Negras in Brazil: Re-envisioning Black Women, Citizenship, and the Politics of Identity. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007.
Casas, Ximena. “They Are Girls, Not Mothers: The Violence of Forcing Motherhood on Young Girls in Latin America,” Health and Human Rights 21, n.º 2 (2019): 157-167.
Carmo, Michelly Eustáquia do and Francini Guizardi Lube. “O conceito de vulnerabilidade e seus sentidos para as políticas públicas de saúde e assistência social” Cadernos de Saúde Pública 34, n.º 3 (2018): 1-14, doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00101417
Chamberlain, Prudence. The Feminist Fourth Wave: Affective Temporality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Chandra, Giti, and Irma Erlingsdóttir. eds. The Routledge Handbook of the Politics of the #MeToo Movement. Abingdon: Routledge, 2021.
Corrêa, Mariza. “Sobre a invenção da mulata.” Cadernos Pagu, 6-7 (1996): 35-50.
De Maricourt, Clotilde and Stephen R Burrell. “#MeToo or #MenToo? Expressions of Backlash and Masculinity Politics in the #MeToo Era,” Journal of Men’s Studies 30, n.º 1 (2022): 49-69, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/10608265211035794.
De Souza, Natália and Lara Martim Rodrigues. “Gender violence and feminist resistance in Latin America.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 24, n.º 1 (2022): 5-15, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2021.2019483
Drinot, Paulo. The Sexual Question: A History of Prostitution in Peru, 1850s-1950s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Earle, Rebecca. “Rape and the Anxious Republic: Revolutionary Colombia, 1810-1830.” In Hidden Histories of Gender and the State in Latin America, edited by Elizabeth Dore and Maxine Molyneaux. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000, 127-146.
Edwards, Erika Denise. Hiding in Plain Sight: Black Women, the Law, and the Making of a White Argentine Republic. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2020.
Ellsberg, Mary C. “Sexual violence against women and girls: recent findings from Latin America and the Caribbean.” In Sex Without Consent: Young People in Developing Countries, edited by Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Iqbal Shah and Shyam Thapa. London: Zed Books, 2005, 49-58.
Faludi, Susan, Shames, Shauna, Piscopo, Jennifer M. and Walsh, Denise M. “A Conversation with Susan Faludi on Backlash, Trumpism, and #MeToo.” Signs 45, n.º 2 (2020): 336-345, doi https://doi.org/10.1086/704988.
Featherstone, Lisa. Sexual Violence in Australia, 1970s-1980s: Rape and Child Abuse. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.
Feinstein, Rachel A. When Rape was Legal: The Untold History of Sexual Violence during Slavery. New York: Routledge, 2018.
Féron, Elise. Wartime Sexual Violence against Men: Masculinities and Power in Conflict Zones. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018.
Foster, Thomas A. Rethinking Rufus: Sexual Violations of Enslaved Men. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2019.
Fuentes, Marisa J. Dispossessed Lives: Enslaved Women, Violence, and the Archive. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.
González-López, Gloria. Family Secrets/Secretos de familia: Stories of Incest and Sexual Violence in Mexico. New York: New York University Press, 2015.
Green, James N. Beyond Carnival: Male Homosexuality in Twentieth-Century Brazil. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Gross, Anna Sophie. “Explicit tweets to Junior MasterChef star in Brazil spark campaign against abuse.” The Guardian, November 11, 2015. https://acortar.link/CiAp4g.
Hahner, June E. Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women’s Rights in Brazil, 1850–1940. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990.
Hájková, Anna. “Sexual Barter in Times of Genocide: Negotiating the Sexual Economy of the Theresienstadt Ghetto.” Signs 38, n.º 3 (2013): 503–533, doi https://doi.org/10.1086/668607
Hájková, Anna. “Between Love and Coercion: Queer Desire, Sexual Barter and the Holocaust,” German History 39, n.º 1 (2021): 112-133, doi https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghaa047
Jackson, Louise A. Child Sexual Abuse in Victorian England. London: Routledge, 2000.
Jaffary, Nora E. Reproduction and Its Discontents in Mexico: Childbirth and Contraception from 1750 to 1905. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.
Jarrin, Alvaro and Kia Lilly Caldwell, “Beyond #MeToo, Brazilian women rise up against racism and sexism,” The Conversation, January 12, 2018, https://theconversation.com/beyond-metoo-brazilian-women-rise-up-against-racism-and-sexism-89117
Kash, Gwen. “Always on the defensive: The effects of transit sexual assault on travel behavior and experience in Colombia and Bolivia.” Journal of Transport & Health 13, (2019): 234-246, doi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.04.004
Kerr, Ashley Elizabeth. Sex, Skulls, and Citizens: Gender and Racial Science in Argentina (1860-1910). Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2020.
Lammasniemi, Laura. “‘Precocious Girls’: Age of Consent, Class and Family in Late Nineteenth-Century England.” Law and History Review 38, n.º 1 (2020): 241–66, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S073824802000005X.
Lanham, Michele, Kathleen Ridgeway, Robyn Dayton, Britany M. Castillo, Claire Brennan, Dirk A. Davis, Dadrina Emmanuel, Giuliana J. Morales, Clifford Cheririser, Brandy Rodriguez, Juana Cooke, Karin Santi and Emily Evens. “‘We’re Going to Leave You for Last, Because of How You Are’: Transgender Women’s Experiences of Gender-Based Violence in Healthcare, Education, and Police Encounters in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Violence and Gender 6, n.º 1 (2019): 37-46, doi: http://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2018.0015.
Landini, Tatiana Savoia. “Jurists, Police, Doctors, and Psychologists: Discussing Sexual Violence in Twentieth-Century Brazil.” In Norbert Elias and Empirical Research, edited by Tatiana Savoia Landini and François Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, 83-110.
Leiby, Michele L. “Wartime Sexual Violence in Guatemala and Peru,” International Studies Quarterly 53, n.º 2 (2009): 445–468, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00541.x.
Madeiros, Jonas and Fabiola Fanti. “Recent Changes in the Brazilian Feminist Movement: The Emergence of New Collective Actors.” In Socio-Political Dynamics within the Crisis of the Left: Argentina and Brazil, edited by Juan Pablo Ferrero, Ana Natalucci and Luciana Tatagiba. London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2019, 221-242.
Mailänder, Elissa. “Making Sense of a Rape Photograph: Sexual Violence as Social Performance on the Eastern Front, 1939–1944.” Journal of the History of Sexuality 26, n.º 3 (2017): 489-520, doi muse.jhu.edu/article/669877.
Manzano, Valeria. The Age of Youth in Argentina: Culture, Politics, and Sexuality from Perón to Videla. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
Martello, Laura França. “Autonomist Feminisms in Brazil: Protest Politics and Feminist Self-Defence.” In Twenty-First Century Feminismos, edited by Simone Bohn and Charmaine Levy. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2021, 265-291.
Mookherjee, Nayanika. The Spectral Wound: Sexual Violence, Public Memories, and the Bangladesh War of 1971. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.
Murphy, Ellen C., Eddie R. Segura, Jordan E. Lake, Leyla Huerta, Amaya G. Perez-Brumer, Kenneth H. Mayer, Sari L. Reisner, Javier R. Lama, and Jesse L. Clark, “Intimate Partner Violence Against Transgender Women: Prevalence and Correlates in Lima, Peru (2016–2018),” AIDS and Behavior, 24 (2020): 1743-1751.
Paiva Carvalho, Claudia. “Transitional Justice and Sexual Crimes in Latin America: Argentina, Brazil and Chile in Comparative Perspective.” In Comparing Transitions to Democracy. Law and Justice in South America and Europe, edited by Cristiano Paixão and Massimo Meccarelli. Cham: Springer, 2021, 87-109.
Paiva, Raquel. “#MeToo, feminism and femicide in Brazil.” Interactions: Studies in Communication and Culture 10, n.º 3 (2019): 241-255, doi: https://doi.org/10.1386/iscc.10.3.241_1.
Pasinato, Wania and Thiago Pierobom de Ávila, “Criminalization of femicide in Latin America: Challenges of legal conceptualization,” Current Sociology, Online First (2022), doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921221090252.
Peakman, Julie. Licentious Worlds: Sex and Exploitation in Global Empires. London: Reaktion Books, 2019.
Piccato, Pablo. “‘El Chalequero’ or the Mexican Jack the Ripper: The Meanings of Sexual Violence in Turn-of-the-Century Mexico City.” Hispanic American Historical Review 81, n.º 3-4 (2001): 623-654, doi https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-81-3-4-623.
Pruchniewska, Urszula M. “Everyday feminism in the digital era: Gender, the fourth wave, and social media affordances.” Ph.D. diss., Temple University, 2019.
Roberts, Mary Louise. What Soldiers Do: Sex and the American GI in World War II France. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.
Rodrigues, Cristiano and Viviane Gonçalves Freitas. “Black Feminist Activism in Brazil: Political Discourse in Three Times.” In Twenty-First Century Feminismos, editd by Simone Bohn and Charmaine Levy. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2021, 230-264.
Roggeband, Conny. “Ending Violence against Women in Latin America: Feminist Norm Setting in a Multilevel Context.” Politics & Gender 12, n.º 1 (2016): 143–67, doi https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X15000604.
Roth, Cassia. A Miscarriage of Justice: Women’s Reproductive Lives and the Law in Early Twentieth-Century Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2020.
Saffioti, Heleieth I.B. “Contribuições feministas para o estudo da violência de gênero.” Cadernos Pagu, 16 (2001): 115-136, doi https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-83332001000100007
Saldarriaga, Laura P. “Sexist Stereotypes and Prejudice in the Latin American Context, and Their Relation to Sexual Violence.” Ph.D. diss., Universität Bielefeld, 2022.
Sharoni, Simona. “Speaking up in the Age of #MeToo and Persistent Patriarchy or what Can we Learn from an Elevator Incident about Anti-Feminist Backlash.” Feminist Review 120, n.º 1 (2018): 143-151, doi https://doi.org/10.1057/s41305-018-012.
Smith, Olivia and Tina Skinner. “How Rape Myths Are Used and Challenged in Rape and Sexual Assault Trials.” Social & Legal Studies 26, n.º 4 (2017): 441-466, doi https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663916680130
Soria-Escalante, Hada, Alejandra Alday-Santiago, Erika Alday-Santiago, Natalia Limón Rodríguez, Pamela Manzanares-Melendres, and Adriana Tena-Castro. “‘We All Get Raped’: Sexual Violence Against Latin American Women in Migratory Transit in Mexico.” Violence Against Women 28, n.º 5 ( 2022):1259-1281, doi https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012211013909
Stevenson, Kim. “Unequivocal Victims: The Historical Mystification of the Female Complainant in Rape Cases.” Feminist Legal Studies, 8 (2000): 346-366, doi https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009270302602
Stevenson, Kim. “‘Children of a Very Tender Age Have Vicious Propensities’: Child Witness Testimonies in Cases of Sexual Abuse.” Law, Crime and History 7 (2017): 75-97.
Toledo, Eliza. “O aumento da violência contra a mulher na pandemia de Covid-19: um problema histórico.” Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, April 28, 2020. https://coc.fiocruz.br/index.php/pt/todas-as-noticias/1781-o-aumento-da-violencia-contra-a-mulher-na-pandemia-de-covid-19-um-problema-historico.html#_ftn3.
Xavier, Marcela. “The campaigners challenging misogyny and sexism in Brazil.” The Guardian, 15 December, 2015, doi, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/dec/03/sexism-misogyny-campaigners-brazil-social-media