Capitalismos del “Sur Global” (c. siglos X-XIX) – Viejos y nuevos aportes y debates
No. 89 (2023-07-04)Autor/a(es/as)
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Kaveh YazdaniUniversidad de Connecticut, Estados Unidos
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Constanza CastroUniversidad de los Andes, Colombia
Resumen
Resumen. Objetivo/Contexto: con este artículo tenemos varios propósitos. El primero es contextualizar el concepto de “Sur Global”. Luego, señalamos algunos elementos claves de las historiografías clásicas y recientes, sobre los capitalismos del “Sur Global” entre los siglos X y XIX aproximadamente, y explicamos en detalle cómo entendemos y periodizamos el capitalismo. Por último, presentamos las contribuciones de este dossier. Metodología: esta revisión historiográfica tienen un enfoque marxista holísitco y no eurocéntrico, que reconoce la importancia de analizar factores internos y externos, entrecruzamientos globales, desigualdades regionales, conexiones y posibles comparaciones, —o lo que podemos llamar coyuntura dialéctica global— en el estudio de las dinámicas regionales en el surgimiento y ascenso de los capitalismos globales. Originalidad: este es uno de los pocos artículos que reúne varias de las diferentes miradas sobre las historias de(los) capitalismo(s) surgidos en el “Sur Global” antes del siglo XX. Analizamos la evolución del capitalismo en China, India, las regiones con mayorías musulmanas, y América Latina, así como la relación entre el capitalismo y la esclavitud moderna de las plantaciones, y el debate sobre la “Gran Divergencia”. Al hacerlo, encontramos evidente un “giro global” en las recientes historiografías del capitalismo. Conclusiones: sugerimos que las narrativas binarias predominantes — que aceptan o rechazan la naturaleza pre-capitalista de las sociedades del “Sur Global”, así como de sus prácticas comerciales y de sus lugares de producción— no hacen justicia a la complejidad de las dinámicas históricas, y de las coyunturas globales. Muchos estudios carecen de matices y no consideran adecuadamente procesos multilineales, entrecruzamientos complejos entre lo local y lo global, y cambios en los centros multipolares de desarrollo socioeconómico. Con frecuencia, los académicos ignoran también, las especificidades espaciotemporales y los periodos transicionales o de coexistencia entre modos de producción, que no pueden reducirse a relaciones, procesos y estructuras capitalistas o precapitalistas únicamente. También argumentamos que volver a una concepción de totalidad ayuda a trascender los supuestos y los análisis excesivamente simplificados de los relatos históricos dominantes.
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