Historia Crítica

Hist. Crit. | eISSN 1900-6152 | ISSN 0121-1617

Capital mercantil e migração de mão de obra no Oceano Índico colonial

No. 89 | 2023-07-04
  • Richard B. Allen
    Ohio University Press, United States

Resumo

Objetivo/Contexto: há muito que os historiadores reconhecem a importância das diásporas mercantis e das redes comerciais na história do Oceano Índico, mas prestaram pouca atenção ao papel da capital mercantil na migração de mão de obra transoceânica dentro e fora do globo. A investigação sobre o comércio de escravos no Oceano Índico durante os séculos 17, 18 e 19 sublinha a necessidade de prestar mais atenção às complexidades da vida econômica nesse mundo oceânico. Metodologia: este artigo analisa a historiografia relevante e baseia-se na pesquisa documental dos India Office Records em Londres e nos Arquivos Nacionais de Maurício, em Coromandel. Originalidade: este artigo ilustra algumas das maneiras pelas quais o capital mercantil asiático e europeu moldou a vida social e econômica colonial. Conclusões: uma compreensão mais profunda das complexidades sociais, econômicas e políticas inerentes à história do Oceano Índico depende da colocação dos estudos de caso especializados que caracterizam esta área de estudo em contextos locais, regionais, pan-regionais e comparativos mais desenvolvidos.

Palavras-chave: capital mercantil, economias coloniais, migração de mão de obra, Oceano Índico

Referências

Fuentes primarias

Archivos

Archivos Nacionales de Mauricio (anm), Coromandel, Mauricio.

Series: f – Gouvernement Républicain: Guerre et Marine; gb – Gouvernement Impérial: Guerre et Marine: jh – Dépôts Civils; na – Registros notariales: escrituras originales; nb – Registros notariales: Indices originales; ob – Gouvernement Royal, Divers; oc – Gouvernement Royale: Guerre et Marine.

Biblioteca Nacional de Mauricio (bnm), Port Louis, Mauricio. The Commercial Gazette [Mauricio]

Archivos Nacionales del Reino Unido, Kew, ru (anru). Registros oficiales colonials (co)

Universidad de Chicago Joseph Regenstein Library (ucjrl), Chicago, il, usa. Ms. f-1051, Volúmen 2.

Printed primary documentation

Milburn, William. Oriental Commerce, vol. 2. Londres: Black, Parry & Co., 1813.

Documentos de sesiones del Parlamento Británico (pp) 1829 xxv [292], Report of the Commissioners of Inquiry Upon the Slave Trade at Mauritius.

Fuentes secundarias

Adas, Michael. “Immigrant Asians and the Economic Impact of European Imperialism: The Role of South Indian Chettiars in British Burma”. Journal of Asian Studies 33, n.º 3 (1974): 385-401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2052938

Alam, Ishrat. “Dutch Imports of Precious Metals into India in the First Half of the 17th Century”. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 53 (1992): 265-275.

Allen, Richard B. Slaves, Freedmen, and Indentured Laborers in Colonial Mauritius. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Allen, Richard B. “Licentious and Unbridled Proceedings: The Illegal Slave Trade to Mauritius and the Seychelles during the Early Nineteenth Century”. Journal of African History 43, n.º 1 (2001): 91-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700007817

Allen, Richard B. “The Mascarene Slave-Trade and Labour Migration in the Indian Ocean during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”. En Gwyn Campbell ed., The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia, Londres: Frank Cass, 2004, 33-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01440390308559154

Allen, Richard B. European Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean, 1500-1850. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2014.

Allen, Richard B. “Slaves, Convicts, Abolitionism and the Global Origins of the Post-Emancipation Indentured Labor System”. Slavery and Abolition 35, n.º 2 (2014), 328-348, 10.1080/0144039X.2013.870789 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2013.870789

Allen, Richard B. “Asian Indentured Labor in the 19th and Early 20th Century Colonial Plantation World”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History (2017), https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.33 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.33

Allen, Richard B. “Ending the History of Silence: Reconstructing European Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean”. Revista Tempo 23, n.º 2 (2017), 294-313, https://doi.org/10.1590/TEM-1980-542X2017v230206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/tem-1980-542x2017v230206

Allen, Richard B. Slave, Convict, and Indentured Labor and the Tyranny of the Particular. Joseph C. Miller Memorial Lecture 1. Berlin: EB-Verlag Dr. Brandt, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53179/9783868933598

Allen, Richard B. “Merchant Capital and Slave Trading in the Western Indian Ocean, 1770-1830”. En The Atlantic and Africa: The Second Slavery and Beyond, editado por Dale Tomich y Paul E. Lovejoy. Albany: State University of Nueva York Press, 2021, 273-296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781438484457-014

Allen, Richard B. “Exporting the Unfortunate: The European Slave Trade from India, 1500-1800”. Slavery and Abolition 43, n.º 3 (2022): 533-552, https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2021.2008719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2021.2008719

Allen, Richard B. “Plantation Economy and Slavery in the Mascarene Islands (Indian Ocean)”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History (2022), https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.902 / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.902

Ananda, Abeydeera. “Louis Monneron, agent de la France à Ceylan”. Dix-huitième siècle 22 (1990): 25-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/dhs.1990.1738

Aslanian, Sebouh David. From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014.

Banaji, Jairus. “Merchant Capitalism”. En The SAGE Handbook of Marxism, Vol. 1, editado por Beverley Skeggs, Sara R. Farris, Alberto Toscano y Svenja Bromberg. Londres: SAGE, 2022, 3-23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529714371.n2

Barendse, R.J. The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2002.

Bishara, Fahad Ahmad. A Sea of Debt: Law and Economic Life in the Western Indian Ocean, 1780-1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316659083

Bosma, Ulbe. “Commodification and Slavery in the Nineteenth-Century Indonesian Archipelago”. Journal of Social History 54, n.º 1 (2020): 109-124, https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shaa009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shaa009

Bowen, H.V. The Business of Empire: The East India Company and Imperial Britain, 1756-1833. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511495724

Bowen, H.V. “Bullion for Trade, War, and Debt-Relief: British Movements of Silver to, around, and from Asia, 1760-1833”. Modern Asian Studies 44, n.º 3 (2010): 445-475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X09004004

Butel, P. “Réorientations du négoçe français à la fin du xviiie siècle: Les Monnerons et l’océan Indien”. En P. Butel y L.M. Cullen eds., Négoçe et industrie en France et en Irlande aux xviiie et xixe siècles, Paris: Éditions DU C.N.R.S., 1980, 65-73.

Campbell, Gwyn. “Madagascar and the Slave Trade, 1810-1895”. Journal of African History 22, n.º 2 (1981): 203-227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700019411

Campbell, Gwyn, “The Adoption of Autarky in Imperial Madagascar, 1820-1835”, Journal of African History 28, n.º 3 (1987): 395-409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700030103

Campbell, Gwyn. An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1795-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Candido, Mariana P. “Capitalism and Africa: Revisiting Way of Death Thirty-Five Years after its Publication”. American Historical Review 127, n.º 3 (2022): 1439-1448, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhac266 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhac266

Capela, José. O Tráfico de escravos nos portos de Moçambique, 1733-1904. Porto: Edições Afrontamento, 2002.

Capela, José. “Slave Trade Networks in Eighteenth-Century Mozambique”. En Networks and Trans-Cultural Exchange, editado por David Richardson y Filipa Ribiero da Silva. Leiden: Brill, 2015, 165-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004280588_007

Chaikin, Martha, Philip Gooding, and Gwyn Campbell, eds. Animal Trade Histories in the Indian Ocean World. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42595-1

Chaudhuri, K.N. “The East India Company and the Export of Treasure in the Early Seventeenth Century”. Economic History Review 16, n.º 1 (1963): 23-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2592514

Chaudhuri, K.N. “Treasure and Trade Balances: The East India Company’s Export Trade, 1660-1720”. Economic History Review 21, n.º 3 (1968): 480-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1968.tb01671.x

Chaudhuri, K.N. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107049918

Clarence-Smith, William Gervase, ed. The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century. Londres: Frank Cass, 1989.

Cooney, Jerry W. “Silver, Slaves and Food: The Río de la Plata and the Indian Ocean, 1796-1806”. Tijdschrift voor Zeegeschiedenis 5, n.º 1 (1986): 34-45.

Cumpston, I.M. Indians Overseas in British Territories, 1834-1854. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1953.

Cussen, Oliver. “The Lives of Merchant Capital: The Frères Monneron and the Legacy of Old Regime Empire”. French History 34, n.º 3 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/craa037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/craa037

Das Gupta, Uma, comp., The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500-1800: Collected Essays of Ashin Das Gupta. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001.

De Souza, Teotonio R. “French Slave-Trading in Portuguese Goa (1773-1791)”. En Teotonio R. de Souza ed., Essays in Goan History. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 1989, 119-131.

Dermigny, Louis. Cargaisons indiennes: Solier et Cie, 1781-1793, 2 vols. Paris: SEVPEN, 1959-60.

Eltis, David, Frank D. Lewis, y Kimberly McIntyre. “Accounting for the Traffic in Africans: Transport Costs on Slaving Voyages”. Journal of Economic History 70, n.º 4 (2010): 940-963. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050710000781

Frank, André Gunder. ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520921313

Gerbeau, Hubert. “The Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean: Problems Facing the Historian and Research to be Undertaken”. The African Slave Trade from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century, Paris: UNESCO, 1979, 184-207.

Gerbeau, Hubert. “L’esclavage et son ombre: L’île Bourbon au xixe et xxe siècles”. Thèse pour le doctorat d’État, Université de Provence (Aix-Marseille I), 2005.

Hägerdal, Hans. “The Slaves of Timor: Life and Death on the Fringes of an Early Colonial Society”. Itinerario 34, n.º 2 (2010): 19-44, doi:10.1017/S0165115310000331 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0165115310000331

Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “Risk and Risk Management in the Liverpool Slave Trade”. Business History 51, n.º 6 (2009): 817-834, https://doi.org/10.1080/00076790903266844 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00076790903266844

Haider, Najaf. “Precious Metal Flows and Currency Circulation in the Mughal Empire”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 39, n.º 3 (1996): 298-364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1568520962601180

Haudrère, Philippe. La compagnie française des Indes au xviiie siècle. Paris: Les Indes Savantes, 1989.

Hickes, Mary E. “Financing the Luso-Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500-1840: Collective Investment Practices from Portugal to Brazil”. Journal of Global Slavery 2, n.º 3 (2017): 273-309, https://doi.org/10.1163/2405836X-00203004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/2405836X-00203004

Ho, Engseng. The Graves of Tarim: Genealogy and Mobility Across the Indian Ocean. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.

Hooper, Jane. Feeding Globalization: Madagascar and the Provisioning Trade, 1600-1800. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv224txrh

Kearney, Milo. The Indian Ocean in World History. Nueva York: Routledge, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203493274

Keber, Martha L., Seas of Gold, Seas of Cotton: Christophe Poulain Dubignon of Jekyll Island. Athens, ga: University of Georgia Press, 2002.

Klein, Jean-François. “Un chaînon manquant impérial? Les Monneron, une fratrie d’armateurs au tournant du monde”. En Les européens dans les ports en situation coloniale, xvie-xxe siècle, editado por Jean-François Klein y Bruno Marnot. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014, 43-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.62105

Knaap, Gerrit J., y Heather Sutherland. Monsoon Traders: Ships, Skippers and Commodities in Eighteenth-Century Makassar. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004486911

Kocka, Jürgen. Capitalism. A Short History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.

Kratoska, Paul H. “Chettiar Moneylenders and Rural Credit in British Malaya”. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 86, n.º 1 (2013): 61-78, doi:10.1353/ras.2013.0006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2013.0006

Larson, Pier. History and Memory in the Age of Enslavement: Becoming Merina in Highland Madagascar, 1770-1822. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000.

Lombard, Denys, y Jean Aubin, eds. Asian Merchants and Businessmen in the Indian Ocean and the China Sea. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Lovejoy, Paul E. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139014946

Ly-Tio-Fane Pineo, Huguette. Lured Away: The Life History of Indian Cane Workers in Mauritius. Moka, Mauritius: Mahatma Gandhi Institute Press, 1984.

Machado, Pedro. Ocean of Trade: South Asian Merchants, Africa and the Indian Ocean, c. 1750-1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107707375

Machado, Pedro, Sarah Fee, y Gwyn Campbell, eds. Textile Trades, Consumer Cultures, and the Material Worlds of the Indian Ocean: An Ocean of Cloth. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58265-8

Mathew, Johan. Margins of the Market: Trafficking and Capitalism Across the Arabian Sea. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016.

Mathew, K.S. Portuguese Trade with India in the Sixteenth Century. New Delhi: Manohar, 1983.

McDow, Thomas F. Buying Time: Debt and Mobility in the Western Indian Ocean. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv224ttsk

McPherson, Kenneth. The Indian Ocean: A History of People and the Sea. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Mettas, Jean. Répertoire des expeditions négrières françaises au xviiie siècle, vol. 2: Ports autres que Nantes, editado por Serge and Michèle Daget. Paris: Société Française d’Histoire d’Outre-Mer, 1984.

Miller, Joseph C. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730-1830. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.

Morgan, Kenneth. “Remittance Procedures in the Eighteenth-Century British Slave Trade”. Business History Review 79, n.º 4 (2005): 715-749, doi:10.2307/25097112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/25097112

Mouser, Bruce L. “The Trial of Samuel Samo and the Trading Syndicates of the Rio Pongo, 1797 to 1812”. International Journal of African Historical Studies 46, n.º 3 (2013): 423-441.

Munthe, Ludwig, Charles Ravoajanahary, and Simon Ayache, “Radama I and les anglais: Les négoçiations de 1817 d’après les sources malgaches (‘Sorabe’ inédits)”. Omaly sy anio: Revue d’études historiques 3-4 (1976): 9-71.

Nadri, Ghulam Ahmad. “Commercial World of Mancherji Khurshedji and the Dutch East India Company: A Study of Mutual Relationships”. Modern Asian Studies 41, n.º 2 (2007): 315-342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X05002271

Nadri, Ghulam A. “The English and Dutch East India Companies and Indian Merchants in Surat in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Interdependence, Competition, and Contestation”. En Adam Clulow y Tristan Mostert eds., The Dutch and English East India Companies: Diplomacy, Trade and Violence in Early Modern Asia. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018, 125-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv9hvqf2.10

Northrup, David. Indentured Labor in the Age of Imperialism, 1834-1922. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Pearson, M.N. “Brokers in Western Indian Port Cities: Their Role in Servicing Foreign Merchants”. Modern Asian Studies 22, n.º 3 (1988): 455-472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00009628

Perret, Daniel. “From Slave to King: The Role of South Asians in Maritime Southeast Asia (From the Late 13th to the Late 17th Century)”. Archipel, n.º 82 (2011): 159-199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/arch.2011.4261

Prakash, Om. The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630-1720. Princeton, nj: Princeton University Press, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400857760

Prakash, Om. European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521257589

Prakash, Om. Bullion for Goods: European and Indian Merchants in the Indian Ocean Trade, 1500-1800. New Delhi: Manohar, 2004.

Radburn, Nicholas. “Guinea Factors, Slave Sales, and the Profits of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in Late Eighteenth-Century Jamaica: The Case of John Tailyour”. William and Mary Quarterly 72, n.º 2 (2015): 243-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5309/willmaryquar.72.2.0243

Ray, Himanshu Prabha, y Edward A. Alpers, eds. Cross Currents and Community Networks: The History of the Indian Ocean World. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Reddi, Sadasivan Jagananda. “The Establishment of the Indian Indenture System, 1834-1842”. En U. Bissoondoyal, Indians Overseas: The Mauritian Experience. Moka, Mauritius: Mahatma Gandhi Institute Press, 1984, 1-17.

Ribeiro da Silva, Filipa. “Crossing Empires: Portuguese, Sephardic, and Dutch Business Networks in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1580-1674”. The Americas 68, n.º 1 (2011): 7-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tam.2011.0084

Robins, Nick. The Corporation That Changed the World: How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational. Londres: Pluto Press, 2006.

Rudner, David. “Banker’s Trust and the Culture of Banking among the Nattukottai Chettiars of Colonial South India”. Modern Asian Studies 23, n.º 3 (1989): 417-458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00009501

Slave Voyages, https://www.slavevoyages.org/.

Schnepel, Burkhard, y Julia Verne, eds. Cargoes in Motion: Materiality and Connectivity Across the Indian Ocean. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2022.

Schrader, Heiko, “Chettiar Finance in Colonial Asia”. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 121, n.º 1 (1996): 101-126.

Sen, Amrita. “Searching for the Indian in the English East India Company Archives: The Case of Jadow the Broker and Early Seventeenth-Century Anglo-Mughal Trade”. Journal of Early Modern Cultural Studies 17, n.º 3 (2017): 37-58, doi:10.1353/jem.2017.0015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jem.2017.0017

Sheriff, Abdul. Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770-1873. Londres: James Currey, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782049784

Sheriff, Abdul, and Engseng Ho, eds. The Indian Ocean: Oceanic Connections and the Creation of New Societies. Londres: Hurst & Company, 2014.

Subramanian, Lakshmi, ed., The French East Indies Company and the Trade in the Indian Ocean: A Collection of Essays by Indrani Ray. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1999.

Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118496459

Suppiah, Ummadevi. “History of Moneylending during British Era: A Case Study of Chettiars as the Major Money Lenders” Universiti Utara Malaysia and Malaysia Historical Society (2014), 850-867.

Stern, Philip J. The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393736.001.0001

Tardieu, Jean-Pierre. La traite des noirs entre l’océan Indien et Montevideo (Uruguay) fin du xviiie siècle et début du xixe. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2010.

Thiébaut, Rafaël. “An Informal Franco-Dutch Alliance: Trade and Diplomacy between the Mascarenes and the Cape, 1719-1769”. Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies 1 (2017): 128-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26443/jiows.v1i1.23

Tinker, Hugh. A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 1830-1920. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1974.

Toussaint, Auguste. Early American Trade with Mauritius. Port Louis, Mauritius: Esclapon, 1954.

Toussaint, Auguste. La route des îles: Contribution à l’histoire maritime des Mascareignes. Paris: SEVPEN, 1967.

Toussaint, Auguste. Le mirage des îles: Le négoçe française aux Mascareignes au xviiie siècle. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 1977.

Toussaint, Auguste. Les frères Surcouf. Paris: Flammarion, 1979.

Toussaint, Auguste. ‘Avant Surcouf’: Corsairs en océan Indien au xviiième siècle. Aix-en-Provence: Publications de l’Université de Provence, 1989.

Van Rossum, Matthias. “The Dutch East India Company and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean and Indonesian Archipelago World, 1602-1795”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.403

Vink, Markus, “‘The World’s Oldest Trade’. Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the India Ocean”, Journal of World History 14, n.º 2 (2003): 131-177, 10.1353/jwh.2003.0026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2003.0026

Wellington, Donald C. French East India Companies: An Historical Account and Record of Trade. Lanham, md: Hamilton Books, 2006.

Wint, Hollian. “Financing the Indian Ocean Slave Trade”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.907 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.907

Yule, Henry, and A.C. Burnwell. Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary. Ware, UK: Wordsworth Reference, 1996.

Licença

Copyright (c) 2023 Historia Crítica

Creative Commons License

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.