A evolução das finanças comerciais na China Ming e Qing: do século 16 ao início do século 20
No. 89 (2023-07-04)Autor(es)
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Kaixiang PengWuhan University, China
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Liangping ShenHenan University, China
Resumo
Objetivo/Contexto: neste artigo, é estudada a evolução das finanças comerciais na China Ming-Qing e são abordados os debates sobre o papel das finanças na “Grande Divergência” entre a China e a Europa. Metodologia: usando novos materiais históricos, especialmente documentos comerciais, estudamos a evolução das organizações financeiras em diferentes níveis, conforme delineado por Fernand Braudel. Também analisamos as tendências de longo prazo das taxas de juros comerciais nas eras Ming-Qing usando um novo banco de dados histórico de taxas de juros na China. Originalidade: neste artigo, exploramos os desenvolvimentos no mercado de capitais desde o século 16 e sua relação com o Estado — um tópico que foi quase totalmente negligenciado na literatura existente. Também constatamos melhorias na integração do mercado na China antes do final do século 19, quando as instituições financeiras ocidentais começaram a entrar na China, e a principal taxa de juros comercial no mercado de capitais era muito mais baixa do que os relatos dominantes no debate sobre a “Grande Divergência”. Conclusões: embora os estudos comparativos atuais enfatizem a estagnação financeira da China Ming-Qing em relação ao Ocidente ou enfatizem seu desenvolvimento especial por meio de mecanismos não mercantis, como os clãs, este artigo mostra que o mercado de capitais desempenhou um papel fundamental na evolução das finanças na China Ming-Qing, semelhante ao que ocorreu em partes avançadas da Europa. Assim, sugerimos que a diferença no desenvolvimento financeiro entre a China e o Ocidente esteja na estrutura organizacional do setor financeiro e na relação entre as finanças e o Estado.
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