Capital e mão de obra global: ascensão e queda da escravidão no século 19
No. 89 (2023-07-04)Autor(es)
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Tâmis ParronUniversidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
Resumo
Objetivo/contexto: a ascensão e queda da escravidão no Novo Mundo no século 19 tem sido um importante tópico de pesquisa acadêmica. Neste ensaio, sugiro que a literatura dedicada ao tema, o chamado “debate sobre capitalismo e escravidão”, tem invisibilizado o capital como categoria de análise devido a sua excessiva confiança na economia clássica e neoclássica. Em resultado, o próprio escravismo tem sido mal historicizado. Meu objetivo é propor uma estrutura alternativa para restaurar a historicidade do capital e da escravidão. Metodologia: este artigo explora as potencialidades da teoria crítica do valor para conceituar capital e capitalismo em termos historicamente significativos. Argumenta-se que a criação de valor nunca se limita a um único país, pois requer uma formação social historicamente transnacional que converta trabalho concreto em trabalho abstrato e valores de uso em mercadorias por meio de operações multiescalares do dinheiro mundial e dos mercados mundiais. A história da escravidão deve ser contada dentro desse cenário globalizante mais amplo. Originalidade: este artigo propõe que as relações globais de valor do capital industrial redeterminaram as relações espaciais entre cidade e campo, entre capital e trabalho e entre produção e consumo, engendrando camadas sobrepostas de uma geografia mundial de acumulação que estimulou e desafiou a escravidão. Conclusões: embora a maioria dos estudiosos apresente a relação entre escravidão e capitalismo como uma constante para o período 1780-1880, concluo que a escravidão no Novo Mundo passou por dois altos e baixos (c.1780-c.1820 e c.1830-1880), que se formaram por meio, respectivamente, das relações globais de valor da produção algodoeira e da industrialização do carvão e do ferro.
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