Antípoda. Revista de Antropología y Arqueología

Antipod. Rev. Antropol. Arqueol | eISSN 2011-4273 | ISSN 1900-5407

El territorio de uso común amazónico: ¿pluriverso o universalidad insurgente?

No. 65 | 2026-10-09
  • James A. Fraser
    Lancaster University, Reino Unido
    Identificador ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0718-6832
  • Mauricio Torres
    Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
    Identificador ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3579-6486
  • Luke Parry
    Lancaster University, Reino Unido
    Identificador ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0330-9516
  • Wilde Itaborahy
    Independiente
    Identificador ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1838-8465
  • Victoria Frausin
    Independiente
    Identificador ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6133-6594
  • Natalia Guerrero
    Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
    Identificador ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3349-4273
  • Josinaldo Aleixo
    Instituto Internacional de Educação do Brasil
    Identificador ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7159-7623
https://doi.org/10.7440/antipoda.13782

Resumen

Examinamos el primer territorio de uso común (TUC) de Brasil en la Amazonía como una innovación significativa en los derechos territoriales para los debates sobre los bienes comunes, el pluriverso y la universalidad insurgente. Los estudios académicos hacen hincapié en las ontologías plurales y el reconocimiento basado en la identidad, pero nosotros argumentamos que el TUC Río Manicoré se entiende mejor como una forma de universalidad insurgente: una lucha popular liderada por mujeres que articula reivindicaciones concretamente universales, por medio de la defensa de modos de vida colectivos, en lugar de derechos abstractos o identidades fijas. Basándonos en la interpretación de Karen Ng del concepto de humanidad universal concreta de Frantz Fanon, enmarcamos el TUC como una expresión de libertad existencial basada en las prácticas de uso común de los pueblos del bosque. El análisis etnográfico e histórico sitúa al TUC dentro de las trayectorias más largas de resistencia amazónica a la expropiación capitalista, desde la rebelión de principios del siglo XX contra el coronel Lindoso hasta las movilizaciones contemporáneas contra la tala, el acaparamiento de tierras y el extractivismo industrial. El TUC se diferencia de las unidades de conservación y reforma agraria gestionadas por el Estado al poner en primer plano los derechos al territorio ocupado tradicionalmente y al autogobierno colectivo de los pueblos del bosque, trascendiendo las exclusiones de categorías identitarias exclusivas como las tierras indígenas y quilombolas. Este modelo insurgente y universal une a diversos pueblos del bosque en torno a prácticas compartidas de uso común, afirmando la autonomía y resistiendo las incursiones capitalistas y la fragmentación estatal. El TUC Río Manicoré demuestra cómo las luchas populares pueden remodelar los marcos legales: tras su reconocimiento en 2022, se están estudiando otros doce TUC y, en 2025, el Gobierno federal adoptó el modelo para regularizar las tierras ocupadas tradicionalmente en bosques no designados de la Amazonía legal brasileña. Aunque siguen existiendo retos serios: las instituciones estatales no han logrado defender el TUC contra la tala ilegal y el acaparamiento de tierras, la institucionalización de la universalidad insurgente por parte del TUC tiene relevancia conceptual y práctica para la defensa de los derechos colectivos en la conservación de los bosques a nivel mundial. Apunta hacia una política planetaria de los bienes comunes que reconcilia la justicia social y la gobernanza ambiental, gracias a la administración compartida de la tierra, el agua y la vida. 

Palabras clave: estado de Amazonas, pluriverso, pueblos del bosque, pueblos indígenas, ribereños, universalidad insurgente

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