Reclutamiento político subnacional. Composición social y carreras políticas de los gobernadores en Argentina
No. 91 (2017-07-01)Autor/a(es/as)
-
Germán LodolaUniversidad Torcuato di Tella – CONICET (Argentina)
Resumen
En los últimos años creció el interés académico por el estudio de los gobernadores en América Latina. Pero existen muy pocos trabajos sobre el proceso de reclutamiento político de estos individuos. Este artículo examina el rol de variables informales relacionadas con los orígenes sociales de los gobernadores, y de variables formales vinculadas a la estructura (alcance y movilidad) de sus carreras políticas. Estas cuestiones son analizadas en Argentina, donde históricamente los gobernadores han sido actores poderosos, a través de una base de datos autobiográficos inédita para el periodo 1983-2014. La evidencia empírica da cuenta de que los mandatarios provinciales poseen ciertos rasgos sociales destacables: son mayormente hombres, de edad intermedia y origen de clase media urbana, desarrollan profesiones tradicionales, y un número considerable tiene, además, vínculos políticos familiares. Por otro lado, los datos indican que los gobernadores despliegan principalmente tres modalidades de carreras previas a la conquista de la gobernación: concentrada en la burocracia provincial, integrada con el Congreso nacional y expandida desde el nivel municipal de la política.
Referencias
Aberbach, Joel, RobertPutnam y BertRockman. 1981. Bureaucrats and Politicians in Western Democracies. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Ames, Barry. 2001. The Deadlock of Democracy in Brazil. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Albertus, Michael. 2015. “The Role of Subnational Politicians in Distributive Politics: Political Bias in Venezuela's Land Reform under Chávez”.Comparative Political Studies 48 (13): 1667-1710.DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414015600457
Asako, Yasushi, TakeshiIida, TetsushaMatsubayashi y MichikoUeda. 2015. “Dynastic politicians: Theory and evidence from Japan”. Japanese Journal of Political Science 16 (1): 5-32. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1017/S146810991400036X
Benton, Allyson. 2009. “What Makes Strong Federalism Seem Weak? Fiscal Resources and Presidential-Provincial Relations in Argentina”. Publius: The Journal of Federalism 39 (4): 651-676. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40272231
Bonvecchi, Alejandro y GermánLodola. 2011. “The Dual Logic of Intergovernmental Transfers. Presidents, Governors, and the Politics of Coalition-Building in Argentina”. Publius: The Journal of Federalism 41 (2): 179-206. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjq024
Botana, Natalio. 1977. El orden conservador.Buenos Aires: Sudamericana.
Calvo, Ernesto y Maria VictoriaMurillo. 2004. “Who Delivers? Partisan Clients in the Argentine Electoral Market”. American Journal of Political Science 48 (4): 742-757. URL: http://gvptsites.umd.edu/calvo/Calvo-Murillo-AJPS48-4-%5B742-757%5D.pdf
Camp, Roderick Ai. 1974. “Mexican Governors since Cardenas: Education and Career Contacts”. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 16 (4): 454-481. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.2307/174798
Camp, Roderick Ai. 1982. “Family Relationships in Mexican Politics: A Preliminary View”. The Journal of Politics 44 (3): 848-862. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2130521
Camp, Roderick Ai. 2002. Mexico’s Mandarins, Crafting a Power Elite for the 21st Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Camp, Roderick Ai. 2010. The Metamorphosis of Leadership in a Democratic Mexico. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Canelo, Paula. 2011a. “Acerca de la construcción de carreras políticas en la Argentina. Los senadores nacionales en 1973, 1983 y 1989”. PolHis 4 (7): 140-153. URL: http://archivo.polhis.com.ar/datos/polhis7_canelo.pdf
Canelo, Paula. 2011b. “Construyendo élites dirigentes. Los gobernadores provinciales durante la última dictadura militar (Argentina, 1976-1983)”. Anuario del Centro de Estudios Históricos Carlos Segretti 11 (11): 323-341. URL: http://cehsegreti.org.ar/archivos/FILE_00000390_1412624651.pdf
Cantón, Darío. 1964. “El Parlamento Argentino en épocas de cambio: 1890, 1916 y 1946”. Desarrollo Económico 4 (13): 21-48.
Cantú, Francisco y Scott W.Desposato. 2012. “The New Federalism of Mexico’s Party System”. Journal of Politics in Latin America 4 (2): 3-38. URL: http://journals.giga-hamburg.de/index.php/jpla/article/view/995/696
Carey, John M. y Gina Y.Reinhart. 2004. “State-Level Institutional Effects on Legislative Coalitions Unity in Brazil”. Legislative Studies Quarterly 29 (1): 23-47.
Cheibub, José Antonio, ArgelinaFiguereido y FernandoLimongi. 2009. “Political Parties and Governors as Determinants of Legislative Behavior in Brazil’s Chamber of Deputies, 1988-2006”. Latin American Politics and Society 51 (1): 1-30. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00038.x
Dal Bó.Ernesto, Pedro DalBó y JasonSnyder. 2009. “Political Dynasties”. Review of Economic Studies 76: 115–142
De Imaz, José Luis. 1964. Los que mandan. Buenos Aires: Eudeba.
De Luca, Miguel. 2008. “Political Recruitment of Presidents and Governors in the Argentine Party-Centered System”. En Pathways to Power. Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America, editado por PeterSiavelis y ScottMorgenstern, 189-217. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
De Luca, Miguel, Mark P.Jones y Maria InésTula. 2002. “Back Rooms or Ballot Boxes? Candidate Nomination in Argentina”. Comparative Political Studies 35 (4): 413-436. URL: http://www.ucema.edu.ar/conferencias/download/CP23.6.pdf
De Riz, Liliana y EduardoFeldman. 1990. Guía del Parlamento Argentino. Buenos Aires: Fundación F. Ebert.
Desposato, Scott W.2003. “Comparing Group and Subgroup Cohesion Scores: A Nonparametric Method with and Application to Brazil”. Political Analysis 11 (3): 275-288.
Desposato, Scott W.2004. “The Impact of Federalism on National Party Cohesion in Brazil”. Legislative Studies Quarterly 29 (2): 259-285. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.3162/036298004X201177
Falleti, Tulia. 2010. Decentralization and Subnational Politics in Latin America. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Feinstein, Brian. 2010. “The Dynasty Advantage: Family Ties in Congressional Elections”. Legislative Studies Quarterly 35 (4): 571-598. URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1690358
Ferrari, Marcela. 2008. Los políticos en la república radical. Prácticas políticas y construcción de poder.Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.
Freytes, Carlos. 2015. “The Cerrado Is Not the Pampas: Explaining Tax and Regulatory Policies on Agricultural Exports in Argentina and Brazil (2003-2013)”, tesis de doctorado, Northwestern University, Estados Unidos.
González, Lucas. 2016. Presidents, Governors, and the Politics of Distribution in Federal Democracies. Primus contra pares in Argentina and Brazil.Oxford: Routledge.
González, Lucas y GermánLodola. En Prensa. “Political Ambition and Subnational Redistributive Spending”. En Institutional Innovation and Conflict Management in Latin America, editado por JorgeGordin y LucioRennó. Toronto: International Development Research Center.
Jones, Mark P.1997. “Federalism and the Number of Parties in Argentine Congressional Elections”. The Journal of Politics 59 (2): 538-549. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2998176
Jones, Mark P.2008. “The Recruitment and Selection of Legislative Candidates in Argentina”. En Pathways to Power. Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America, editado por PeterSiavelis y ScottMorgenstern, 41-75. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Jones, Mark P. y WonjaeHwang. 2005. “Party Government in Presidential Democracies: Extending Cartel Theory Beyond the U.S. Congress”. American Journal of Political Science 49 (2): 267-282. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00122.x
Jones, Mark P., WonjaeHwang y Juan PabloMicozzi. 2009. “Government and Opposition in the Argentine Congress, 1989-2007: Understanding Inter-Party Dynamics through Roll Call Vote Analysis”. Journal of Politics in Latin America 1 (1): 67-96. URL: https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/22/22
Jones, Mark P., SebastianSaiegh, PabloSpiller y MarianoTommasi. 2002. “Amateur-Legislators-Professional Politicians: The Consequences of Party-Centered Electoral Rules in a Federal System”. American Journal of Political Science 46 (3): 656-669. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.2307/3088406
Kemahlioglu, Ozge. 2015. “Intergovernmental Politics of Fiscal Balance in a Federal Democracy: The Experience of Brazil, 1996–2005”. Latin American Politics and Society 57 (1): 51-74. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2015.00261.x
Kikuchi, Hirokazu y GermánLodola. 2014. “The Effects of Gubernatorial Influence and Political Careerism on Senatorial Voting Behavior: The Argentine Case”. Journal of Politics in Latin America 6 (2): 73-105. URL: https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/763/761
Lodola, Germán. 2009. “La estructura subnacional de las carreras políticas en Argentina y Brasil”. Desarrollo Económico 49 (4): 247-286. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25702551
Lodola, Germán. 2011. “The Politics of Subnational Coalition Building. Gubernatorial Electoral Strategies in Argentina and Brazil”, tesis de doctorado, University of Pittsburgh, Estados Unidos.
Lodola, Germán. 2015. Biographic and Political Careers Dataset of State Governors in Argentina and Brazil. Buenos Aires: Universidad T. Di Tella-CONICET.
Lodola, Germán y TomásCiocci. 2015. “The Individual and Contextual Determinants of Subnational Vote in Argentina.” Trabajo presentado en la 68 Conferencia Annual Wapor, Buenos Aires, 16-19 de junio.
Losada, Leandro. 2009. Historia de las élites en la Argentina. Desde la Conquista hasta el surgimiento del peronismo. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana.
Molinelli, Guillermo. 1991a. Clase política y reforma electoral. Buenos Aires: Grupo Editor Latinoamericano.
Molinelli, Guillermo. 1991b. Presidentes y Congresos en Argentina. Buenos Aires: Grupo Editor Latinoamericano.
Molinelli, Guillermo, ValeriaPalanza y GiselaSin. 1999. Congreso, presidencia y justicia en Argentina. Materiales para su estudio. Buenos Aires: Editorial Temas.
Montero, Alfred. 2004. “Competitive Federalism and Distributive Conflict in Democratic Brazil.” En Reforming Brazil, editado por MauricioFont y AnthonySpanakos, 77-102. Nueva York: Lexington Books.
Norris, Pippa y JoniLovenduski. 1995. Political Recruitment. Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Panosyan, Mónica y MateoGoretti. 1985. El personal parlamentario frente a un contexto político cambiante. El caso argentino (1932-1984). Buenos Aires: Premio Coca-Cola en las Artes y las Ciencias.
Power, Timothy y MariliaMochel. 2008. “Presidents, Ministers, and Governors in Brazil”. En Pathways to Power. Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America, editado por PeterSiavelis y ScottMorgenstern, 218-240. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Putnam, Robert D.1976. The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Querubín, Pablo. 2016. “Family and Politics: Dynastic Persistence in the Philippines”. Quarterly Journal of Political Science 11 (2): 151-181. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00014182
Remmer, Karem L.2007. “The Political Economy of Patronage: Expenditure Patterns in the Argentine Provinces, 1983-2003”. The Journal of Politics 69 (2): 363-377. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00537.x
Rodden, Jonhatan. 2005. The Hamilton’s Paradox. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rosas, Guillermo y JoyLangston. 2011. “Gubernatorial Effects on the Voting Behavior of National Legislators”. The Journal of Politics 73 (2): 477-493. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022381611000326
Schlesinger, Joseph A.1966. Ambition and Politics: Political Careers in the United States. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Schneider, Aaron. 2005. “Responding to Fiscal Stress: Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal Adjustment in Four Brazilian States”. Journal of Development Studies 42 (3): 402-425. DOI: dx.doi.org/dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380600576169
Sigal, Silvia. 2002. Intelectuales y poder en Argentina. La década del sesenta.Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.
Stokes, Susan. 2005. “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina”. American Political Science Review 99 (3): 315-326. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051683
Verner, Joel G.1974. “Educational Backgrounds of Latin American Legislators: A Three-Country Analysis”. Comparative Politics 6 (4): 617-634. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.2307/421340