Palabras clave
voto
Chile
experimentos
rabia
miedo
esperanza
orgullo
Categorías
Cómo citar
Resumen
Objetivo/contexto: ¿qué efecto tienen las emociones transmitidas por los candidatos en los votantes? En las campañas electorales, los candidatos no solo informan al votante de sus posiciones en políticas públicas o el partido político al que representan. También transmiten emociones. En este trabajo investigamos el efecto que estas tienen en el voto. Metodología: se diseñaron dos experimentos de encuestas y se aplicaron a una muestra representativa de la población residente en Chile, durante los meses de mayo y junio de 2019. Estos experimentos permiten evaluar cómo las emociones transmitidas por los candidatos, a través de sus rostros y discurso político, pueden afectar la preferencia por uno de ellos Conclusiones: los resultados muestran que la valencia de las emociones es un factor relevante en la decisión del voto, particularmente cuando se transmite a través de expresiones faciales. Las emociones positivas aumentan la probabilidad de votar por un candidato. Cuando consideramos las emociones transmitidas a través del discurso, encontramos que las emociones positivas sobre el futuro aumentan la probabilidad de votar por ese candidato. Originalidad: este trabajo realiza dos aportes: por una parte, contribuye al estudio del impacto de las emociones en América Latina, lugar donde poco se ha avanzado en estas materias; por otra, el uso de experimentos permite evaluar el efecto de las emociones transmitidas por los candidatos.
Citas
AAPOR (American Association for Public Opinion Research). 2016. Standard Definitions: Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys, 9.a ed.S. l.: AAPOR. https://www.aapor.org/AAPOR_Main/media/publications/Standard-Definitions20169theditionfinal.pdf
Abelson, Robert P., Donald R.Kinder, Mark D.Peters y Susan T.Fiske. 1982. “Affective and Semantic Components in Political Person Perception”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42 (4): 619-663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.619
Aguilar, Rosario. 2013. “¿Emociones y razón? El uso estratégico de emociones en los anuncios de la campaña presidencial de 2012”. Política y Gobierno XX (1): 141-158.
Aguilar, Rosario, SaulCunow y ScottDesposato. 2015. “Choice Sets, Gender, and Candidate Choice in Brazil”. Electoral Studies 39: 230-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.03.011
Arzheimer, Kai, JocelynEvans y MichaelLewis-Beck, eds. 2017. The SAGE Handbook of Electoral Behaviour. Los Ángeles: Sage.
Auspurg, Katrin y ThomasHinz. 2015. Factorial Survey Experiments. Los Ángeles: Sage.
Baker, Andy y KennethGreene. 2015. “Positional Issue Voting in Latin America”. En The Latin American Voter. Pursuing Representation and Accountability in Challenging Contexts, editado por Ryan E.Carlin, Matthew M.Singer y Elizabeth J.Zechmeister, 173-194. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Bansak, Kirk, JensHainmueller, DanielHopkins y TeppeiYamamoto. 2018. “The Number of Choice Tasks and Survey Satisficing in Conjoint Experiments”. Political Analysis 26 (1): 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2017.40
Bargsted, Matías y LuisMaldonado. 2018. “Party Identification in an Encapsulated Party System: The Case of Postauthoritarian Chile”. Journal of Politics in Latin America 10 (1): 29-68.
Berinsky, Adam J., SaraChatfield y GabrielLenz. 2019. “Facial Dominance and Electoral Success in Times of War and Peace”. The Journal of Politics 81 (3): 1096-1100. https://doi.org/10.1086/703384
Brader, Ted. 2005. “Striking a Responsive Chord: How Political Ads Motivate and Persuade Voters by Appealing to Emotions”. American Journal of Political Science 49 (2): 388-405. DOI: 10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00130.x
Brader, Ted. 2006. Campaigning for Hearts and Minds. How Emotional Appeals in Political Ads Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brader, Ted. 2012. “The Emotional Foundations of Democratic Citizenship”. En New Directions in Public Opinion, editado por Adam J.Berisnky, 193-216. Nueva York: Routledge.
Brader, Ted y George E.Marcus. 2013. “Emotion and Political Psychology”. En The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2.a ed., editado por LeonieHuddy, David O.Sears y Jack S.Levy, 165-204. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brader, Ted, Nicholas A.Valentino y ElizabethSuhay. 2008. “What Triggers Public Opposition to Immigration? Anxiety, Group Cues, and Immigration Threat”. American Journal of Political Science 52 (4): 959-978. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00353.x
Brader, Ted y CarlyWayne. 2016. “The Emotional Foundations of Democratic Citizenship”. En New Directions in Public Opinion, 2.a ed., editado por Adam J.Berisnky, 205-231. Nueva York: Routledge.
Bunker, Kenneth. 2017. “La elección de 2017 y el fraccionamiento del sistema de partidos en Chile”. Revista Chilena de Derecho y Ciencia Política 9 (2): 204-229.
Campbell, Angus, Philip E.Converse, Warren E.Miller y Donald E.Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Capelos, Tereza. 2013. “Understanding Anxiety and Aversion: The Origins and Consequences of Affectivity in Political Campaigns”. En Demertzis 2013a, 39-59.
Del Alcázar, Joan e ItziarVañó. 2016. “Imágenes de una transición: futuro vs. inmovilismo. Los casos de la España de 1977 y el Chile de 1988”. Millars: Espai i Història 41 (2): 189-218. https://doi.org/10.6035/Millars.any.número.
Demertzis, Nicolas, ed. 2013a. Emotions in Politics. The Affect Dimension in Political Tension. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Demertzis, Nicolas. 2013b. “Theorizing the Emotions-Politics Nexus”. En Demertzis 2013a, 1-16.
Diez, Jordi. 2018. La política del matrimonio gay en América Latina. Argentina, Chile y México. Ciudad de México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Dinas, Elias. 2017. “The Evolving Role of Partisanship”. En Arzheimer, Evans y Lewis-Beck 2017, 265-286.
Disi, Rodolfo. 2018. “Sentenced to Debt: Explaining Student Mobilization in Chile”. Latin American Research Review 53 (3): 448-465. http://doi.org/10.25222/larr.395
Dolan, Kathleen. 2010. “The Impact of Gender Stereotyped Evaluations on Support for Women Candidates”. Political Behavior 32 (1): 69-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-009-9090-4
Dolan, Kathleen. 2014. When Does Gender Matter? Women Candidates and Gender Stereotypes in American Elections. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Druckman, James N., Donald P.Green, James H.Kuklinski y ArthurLupia. 2011. “Experiments. An Introduction to Core Concepts”. En Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science, editado por James N.Druckman, Donald P.Green, James H.Kuklinski y ArthurLupia, 15-26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Druckman, James y RoseMcDermott. 2008. “Emotion and the Framing of Risky Choice”. Political Behavior 30 (3): 297-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-008-9056-y
Green, Donald P. y SusanneBaltes. 2017. “Party Identification: Meaning and Measurement”. En Arzheimer, Evans y Lewis-Beck 2017, 287-312.
Groenendyk, Eric. 2011. “Current Emotion Research in Political Science: How Emotions Help Democracy Overcome Its Collective Action Problem”. Emotion Review 3 (4): 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911410746
Hainmueller, Jens, DanielHopkins y TeppeiYamamoto. 2014. “Causal Inference in Conjoint Analysis: Understanding Multidimensional Choices via Stated Preference Experiments”. Political Analysis 22 (1): 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpt024
Huddy, Leonie, StanleyFeldman y ErinCassese. 2007. “On the Distinct Political Effects of Anxiety and Anger”. En Neuman et al. 2007a, 202-230.
Huddy, Leonie, StanleyFeldman, CharlesTaber y GallyaLahav. 2005. “Threat, Anxiety, and Support of Antiterrorism Policies”. American Journal of Political Science 49: 593-608. https://doi.org/10.2307/3647734
Huddy, Leonie, LillianaMason y LeneAaroe. 2015. “Expressive Partisanship: Campaign Involvement, Political Emotion, and Partisan Identity”. American Political Science Review 109 (1): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000604
Huneeus, Carlos y OctavioAvendaño. 2018. “Los partidos políticos y su debilitamiento”. En El sistema político de Chile, editado por CarlosHuneeus y OctavioAvendaño, 153-191. Santiago de Chile: Lom.
Jacobson, Gary C. 2015. “How Do Campaigns Matter?”. Annual Review of Political Science 18: 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-072012-113556
Jasper, James. 2014. “Constructing Indignation: Anger Dynamics in Protest Movements”. Emotion Review 6 (3): 208-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914522863
Just, Marion R., Ann N.Crigler y Todd L.Belt. 2007. “Don’t Give Up Hope: Emotions, Candidate Appraisals, and Votes”. En Neuman et al. 2007a, 231-259.
Kurdi, Benedek, ShaynLozano y Mahzarin R.Banaji. 2017. “Introducing the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (Oasis)”. Behavioral Research 49: 457-470. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0715-3
Lau, Richard R. y David P.Redlawsk. 2006. How Voters Decide. Information Processing during Election Campaigns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lerner, Jennifer y DacherKeltner. 2000. “Beyond Valence: Toward a Model of Emotion-Specific Influences on Judgement and Choice”. Cognition and Emotion 14 (4): 473-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999300402763
Lerner, Jennifer, YeLi, PiercarloValdesolo y KarimKassam. 2015. “Emotion and Decision Making”. Annual Review of Psychology 66 (1): 799-823. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043
Lodge, Milton y Charles S.Taber. 2005. “The Automaticity of Affect for Political Leaders, Groups, and Issues: An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis”. Political Psychology 26: 455-482. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00426.x
Lodge, Milton y Charles S.Taber. 2013. The Rationalizing Voter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lupu, Noam. 2015. “Partisanship in Latin America”. En The Latin American Voter. Pursuing Representation and Accountability in Challenging Contexts, editado por Ryan E.Carlin, Matthew M.Singer y Elizabeth J.Zechmeister, 226-245. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
MacKuen, Michael, George E.Marcus, W. RussellNeuman y LukeKeele. 2007. “The Third Way: The Theory of Affective Intelligence and American Democracy”. En Neuman et al. 2007a, 124-151.
Marcus, George E. 2013a. Political Psychology. Neuroscience, Genetics, and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Marcus, George E. 2013b. “The Theory of Affective Intelligence and Liberal Politics”. En Demertzis 2013a, 17-38.
Marcus, George E. y MichaelMacKuen. 1993. “Anxiety, Enthusiasm and the Vote: The Emotional Underpinnings of Learning and Involvement during Presidential Campaigns”. American Political Science Review 87 (3): 672-685. doi:10.2307/2938743
Marcus, George E., W. RussellNeuman y MichaelMacKuen. 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Miller, Patrick. 2011. “The Emotional Citizen: Emotion as a Function of Political Sophistication”. Political Psychology 32 (4): 575-600. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2011.00824.x
Mulligan, Kevin y Klaus R.Scherer. 2012. “Toward a Working Definition of Emotion”. Emotion Review 4 (4): 345-357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912445818
Mutz, Diana C. 2011. Population-Based Survey Experiments. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Navia, Patricio. 2017. “Malaise in Representation in Chile: An 18-Year-Old Debate in Search of Evidence”. En Malaise in Representation in Latin American Countries, editado por AlfredoJoignant, MauricioMorales y ClaudioFuentes, 119-136. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Neuman, W. Russell, George G.Marcus, Ann N.Crigler y MichaelMacKuen, eds. 2007a. The Affect Effect. Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Neuman, W. Russell, George G.Marcus, Ann N.Crigler y MichaelMacKuen. 2007b. “Theorizing Affect’s Effects”. En Neuman et al. 2007a, 1-20.
Ottati, Victor C., Marco R.Steenbergen y EllenRiggle. 1992. “The Cognitive and Affective Components of Political Attitudes: Measuring the Determinants of Candidate Evaluations”. Political Behavior 14 (4): 423-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992043
Petersen, Michael Bang. 2010. “Distinct Emotions, Distinct Domains: Anger, Anxiety and Perceptions of Intentionality”. Journal of Politics 72 (2): 357-365. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002238160999079X
Redlawsk, David P. y Douglas R.Pierce. 2017. “Emotions and Voting”. En Arzheimer, Evans y Lewis-Beck 2017, 406-431.
Ruano, Luis Eduardo y LadyVanesa Muñoz. 2019. “Plebiscito por la paz en Colombia: un análisis desde las emociones en sus resultados políticos”. Ámbitos. Revista Internacional de Comunicación 44: 110-126.
Schnur, Dan. 2007. “The Affect Effect in the Very Real World of Political Campaigns”. En Neuman et al. 2007a, 357-374.
Segovia, Carolina y RicardoGamboa. 2020. “Between Knowing and Feeling: Emotions and the Vote in the 2017 Chilean Presidential Election”. Opinião Pública 26 (3): 452-474.
Sevi, Semra. 2021. “Do Young Voters Vote for Young Leaders?”. Electoral Studies 69: 102200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102200
Shiota, Michelle y JamesKalat. 2018. Emotion, 3.a ed.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sniderman, Paul M. 2011. “The Logic and Design of the Survey Experiment: An Autobiography of a Methodological Innovation”. En Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science, editado por James N.Druckman, Donald P.Green, James H.Kuklinski y ArthurLupia, 102-114. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Somma, Nicolás. 2017. “Discontent, Collective Protest, and Social Movements in Chile”. En Malaise in Representation in Latin American Countries, editado por AlfredoJoignant, MauricioMorales y ClaudioFuentes, 47-68. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Somma, Nicolás, MatíasBargsted, RodolfoDisi y RodrigoMedel. 2020. “No Water in the Oasis: The Chilean Spring of 2019-2020”. Social Movement Studies. DOI: 10.1080/14742837.2020.1727737
Steenbergen, Marco R. y ChristopherEllis. 2006. “Fear and Loathing in American Elections: Context, Traits, and Negative Candidate Affect”. En Feeling Politics. Emotion in Political Information Processing, editado por David P.Redlawsk, 109-133. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Stiers, Dieter y MarcHooghe. 2020. “A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words. A Visual Test of Political Knowledge: Does It Reduce the Effect of Age and Gender?”. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 33 (1): 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edz052
Valentino, Nicholas, TedBrader, EricGroenendyk, KryshaGregorowicz y VincentHutchings. 2011. “Election Night’s Alright for Fighting: The Role of Emotions in Political Participation”. Journal of Politics 73 (1): 156-170. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381610000939
Van der Brug, Wouter. 2017. “Issue Ownership: An Ambiguous Concept”. En Arzheimer, Evans y Lewis-Beck 2017, 521-537.
Yates, Heather E. 2016. The Politics of Emotions, Candidates and Choices. Nueva York: Palgrave Pivot.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.