COVID-19 and the labor market of Metropolitan Lima and Callao: A gender analysis: A gender analysis in Peru

Acemoglu, D., Autor, D. H., & Lyle, D. (2004). Women, war and wages: The effect of female labor supply on the wage structure at midcentury. Journal of Political Economy, 112(3), 497551. https://doi.org/10.1086/383100

Adams-Prassl, A., Boneva, T., Golin, M., & Rauh, C. (2020). Inequality in the impact of the coronavirus shock. Evidence from real time surveys. IZA Discussion Paper, 13183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104245

Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on gender equality (Working Paper No. 26947). NBER.

Angelov, N., Johansson, P., & Lindahl, E. (2016). Parenthood and the gender gap in pay. Journal of Labor Economics, 34(3), 545-579. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/684851

Angrist, J. D., & Evans, W. N. (1998). Children and their parents’ labor supply. Evidence from exogenous variation in family size. American Economic Association, 88(3), 450-477.

Bailey, M. J. (2006). Power to the pill. The impact of contraceptive freedom on women's life cycle labor supply. The Quaterly Journal of Economics, February, 121, 288-320.

Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital. A theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9-49.

Becker, G. S. (1985). Human capital, effort, and the sexual division of labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1), S33-S58.

Behrman, J. R., & Wolfe, B. L. (1984). Labor force participation and earnings determinants for women in the special conditions of developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 15(1-3), 259-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(84)90019-1

Benería, L., & Roldan, M. (1987). The crossroads of class and gender. Industrial homework, subcontracting, and household dynamics in Mexico City. University of Chicago Press.

Blau, F. D., & Winkler, A. E. (2018). The economics of women, men and work. Oxford University Press.

Borjas, G. J., & Cassidy, H. (2020). The adverse effect of the covid-19 labor market shock on immigrant employment (Working Paper, No. 27243). NBER. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27243

Cain, G. G., & Dooley, M. D. (1976). Estimation of a model of labor supply, fertility, and wages of married women. Journal of Political Economy, 84(4, Part 2), S179-S199. https://doi.org/10.1086/260538

Castellares, R., & Huarancca, M. (2021). El mercado laboral en tiempos de pandemia. Revista Moneda, 87(8), 43-49.

Castells, M., & Portes, A. (1989). World underneath. The origins, dynamics, and effects of the informal economy. En The informal economy. Studies in advanced and less developed countries (pp. 11-40). The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Cepal (2021). La autonomía económica de las mujeres en la recuperación sostenible con Igualdad. Covid-19 Respuesta, 9, 1-15.

Collins, C., Landivar, L. C., Ruppanner, L., & Scarborough, W. J. (2020). Covid-19 and the gender gap in work hours. Gender, Work and Organization, 28(S1), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12506

Cowan, B. W. (2020). Short-run effects of Covid-19 on U.S. worker transitions (Working Paper, No. 27315). NBER. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27315

Cruces, G., & Galiani, S. (2007). Fertility and female labor supply in Latin America: New causal evidence. Labour Economics, 14(3), 565-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2005.10.006

Cueva, R., Del Carpio, X., & Winkler, H. (2021). The impacts of Covid-19 on informal labor markets. Evidence from Peru (Policy Research Working Paper, No. 9675). The World Bank Group.

Deshpande, A. (2020). The Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown. First order effects on gender gaps in employment and domestic time use in India (GLO Discussion Paper Series 607). Global Labor Organization (GLO).

Dingel, J. I., & Neiman, B. (2020). How many jobs can be done at home? Journal of Public Economics, 189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104235

Fairlie, R. W., Couch, K. A., & Xu, H. (2020). The impacts of Covid-19 on minority unemployment. First evidence from April 2020 CPS microdata (Working Paper, No. 27246). NBER. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3604814

Farré, L., & Vella, F. (2013). The Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Role Attitudes and its Implications for Female Labour Force Participation. Economica, 80(318), 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12008

Fortin. (2015). Gender role attitudes and women’s labor market participation: Opting-out, AIDS, and the persistent appeal of housewifery. Annals of Economics and Statistics, 117/118, 379. https://doi.org/10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.379

Galdo, J. (2013). The long-run labor-market consequences of civil war. Evidence from the shining path in Peru. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 61(4), 789-823. https://doi.org/10.1086/670379

Gallaway, J. H., & Bernasek, A. (2002). Gender and informal sector employment in Indonesia. Journal of Economic Issues, 36(2), 313-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2002.11506473

Gamero, J., & Pérez, J. (2020). Perú. Impacto de la covid-19 en el empleo y los ingresos laborales. OIT.

Givord, P., & Marbot, C. (2014). Does the cost of childcare affect female labor market participation? An evaluation of a French reform of childcare subsidies. Labour Economics, 36, 99-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2015.07.003

Goldin, C., & Olivetti, C. (2013). Shocking labor supply. A reassessment of the role of World War II on women’s labor supply. American Economic Review, 103(3), 257-262. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.257

Günther, I., & Launov, A. (2012). Informal employment in developing countries. Opportunity or last resort? Journal of Development Economics, 97(1), 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.01.001

Hank, K., & Steinbach, A. (2020). The virus changed everything, didn’t it? Couples’ division of housework and childcare before and during the Corona crisis. Journal of Family Research, 33(1), 99-114. https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-488

Heckman, J. (1974). Effects of child-care programs on women’s work effort. Journal of Political Economy, 82(2), S136–S163. https://doi.org/10.1086/260297

Heggeness, M. L. (2020). Estimating the immediate impact of the Covid-19 shock on parental attachment to the labor market and the double bind of mothers. Review of Economics of the Household, 18(4), 1053-1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09514-x

Higa, M., Ospino, C., & Aragón, F. (2021). The persistent effects of Covid-19 on labor outcomes: Evidence from Peru (Discussion Papers dp21-10). Department of Economics, Simon Fraser University.

Hill, M. A. (1984). Female labor force participation in Japan. An aggregate model. The Journal of Human Resource, 19(2), 280-287. https://doi.org/10.2307/145569

Hill, M. A. (1989). Female labor supply in Japan: Implications of the informal sector for labor force participation and hours of work. The Journal of Human Resources, 24(1), 143-161. https://doi.org/10.2307/145936

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática —Inei. (2010). Encuesta nacional de uso del tiempo (ENUT). http://iinei.inei.gob.pe/microdatos/

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática —Inei. (2019). Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO). http://iinei.inei.gob.pe/microdatos/

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática —Inei. (2021). Encuesta de opinión sobre el impacto del covid-19. http://iinei.inei.gob.pe/microdatos/

Instituto Peruano de Economía —IPE. (2020). Mercado laboral peruano. Impacto por covid-19 y recomendaciones de política. https://www.ipe.org.pe/portal/tag/cajamarca/

Jaramillo, M., & Ñopo, H. (2020a). Covid-19 y shock externo impactos económicos y opciones de política en el Perú. PNUD.

Jaramillo, M., & Ñopo, H. (2020b). Impacto del covid en las mujeres (Documento de Trabajo, No. 106). Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo.

Jeffrey M, W. (2010). Modelos de variable dependiente limitada y correcciones a la selección muestral. Introducción a la Econometría: un enfoque moderno (pp. 574–622). Cencage Learning.

Kalenkoski, C. M., & Pabilonia, S. W. (2020). Initial impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the employment and hours of self-employed coupled and single workers by gender and parental status (Discussion Paper, No. 13443). IZA.

Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019). Children and gender inequality: Evidence from Denmark. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 11(4), 181-209.

Koebel, K., & Pohler, D. (2020). Labor markets in crisis. The causal impact of Canada’s Covid-19 economic shutdown on hours worked for workers across the earnings distribution (Working Paper, No. 25). CLEF.

León, G. (2012). Civil conflict and human capital accumulation. The long-term effects of political violence in Peru. The Journal of Human Resources, 47(4).

Leyva, G., & Urrutia, C. (2020). Informality, labor regulation, and the business cycle. Journal of International Economics, 126, 103340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2020.103340

Leyva, G., & Urrutia, C. (2021). Informal labor markets in times of pandemic. Evidence for Latin America and policy options. CEMLA.

Loayza, N. V. (2020). Research & policy briefs a developing country perspective. The World Bank Group.

Ma, S., Sun, Z., & Xue, H. (2020). Childcare needs and parents’ labor supply: Evidence from the Covid-19 lockdown. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3630842

Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. National Bureau of Economic Research.

Ministerio de Trabajo y Promoción del Empleo —MTPE. (2019). Informe anual de la mujer en el campo laboral. https://www.gob.pe/mtpe

Montenovo, L., Jiang.Xuan, Rojas, F. L., & Schmutte, I. M. (2020). Determinants of Disparities in Covid-19 Job Losses. NBER Working Paper No. 27132.

Morrill, M. S., & Morrill, T. (2013). Intergenerational links in female labor force participation. Labour Economics, 20, 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2012.10.002

Moser, C. (1984). The informal sector revisited. Viability and vulnerability in development. Regional Development Dialogue, 5, 135-179.

Organización de las Naciones Unidas —ONU. (2020, 21 de abril). The impact of Covid-19 on women. https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2020/policy-brief-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-women-en.pdf?la=en&vs=1406

Otobe, N. (2017). Gender and the informal economy. Key challenges (Employment Working Paper, No. 236). International Labour Organization.

Papanikolaou, D., & Schmidt, L. (2020). Working remotely and the supply-side impact of Covid-19 (Working Paper, No. 27330). NBER. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27330

Pradhan, M., & van Soest, A. (1997). Household labor supply in urban areas of Bolivia. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 300-310.

Qian, Y., & Fuller, S. (2020). Covid-19 and the gender employment gap among parents of young Children. Canadian Public Policy, 46, S89-S101. https://doi.org/10.3138/CPP.2020-077

Salas, V. (2021). El covid y sus efectos en la igualdad de género en el mercado laboral peruano: un análisis en base a las encuestas nacionales de hogares del 2015 al 2021. Revista Economía, Sociedad y Estadística, 11, 5-20.

Sevilla, A., & Smith, S. (2020). Baby steps: The gender division of childcare during the Covid-19 pandemic. IZA Discussion Paper, 36(13302). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/graa027

Tiefenthaler, J. (1994). A multisector model of female labor force participation: Empirical evidence from Cebu Island, Philippines. Economic Development & Cultural Change, 42(4), 719-742. https://doi.org/10.1086/452117

Weller, J. (2020). La pandemia del covid-19 y su efecto en las tendencias de los mercados laborales. Cepal.

Vaccaro, G. & Paredes, T. (2022). Impact of Covid-19 on Gender differences in formal and informal labor markets. Evidence from the Peruvian economy (Documento de Trabajo, No. 515). Departamento de Economía, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. http://doi.org/10.18800/2079-8474.0515

Yamada, G., Lavado, P., & Velarde, L. (2013). Habilidades no cognitivas y brecha de género salarial en el Perú (Documento de Trabajo, No. 2013-014). Banco Central de Reserva del Perú.

Copyright (c) 2025 Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.