Antípoda. Revista de Antropología y Arqueología

Antipod. Rev. Antropol. Arqueol | eISSN 2011-4273 | ISSN 1900-5407

“Pregnancy is in the Mind, Not in the Womb”: The Diloggún Oracle and the Awakening of Fertility in Cuban Regla de Ocha

No. 55 (2024-04-15)
  • Angélica María Rivera López
    Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
    ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7056-9743
  • Hans Carrillo Guach
    Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
    ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5002-3601

Abstract

Religions are often acknowledged for their ability to provoke social, psychological, and physiological transformation, prompting recurrent studies in social and human sciences. Within this analytical domain, understanding ailments and methods of healing through various practices —rituals, cosmologies, and divinations— has been extensively explored. However, research on female reproductive ailments and corresponding intervention methods remains nascent in certain religious denominations, such as African-derived religions like the Regla de Ocha (Santería) in Cuba. The purpose of this article is to shed light on the healing of female reproductive ailments through the diloggún oracle utilized in the Regla de Ocha. Conducted between December 2022 and January 2023 in Santa Marta, Cárdenas, Cuba, our research adopts an ethnographic and narrative approach, placing reflexivity on our experiences at the forefront of our discussions. The research, from which our arguments derive, was conducted between December 2022 and January 2023 in Santa Marta, Cárdenas, Cuba. Methodologically, it adopts an ethnographic and narrative approach, placing reflexivity on our experiences at the forefront of our discussions. Consequently, it not only delineates the processes inherent in the practice of this oracle and its socio-spiritual impacts concerning potential realms of well-being but also advocates for conceptual and theoretical-methodological enhancements regarding healing. The article contributes to the evolving the incipient understanding of the connections between female fertility and healing within the Regla de Ocha and the intricate relationships among well-being, discomfort, and spirituality intrinsic to this religious system.

Keywords: Afro-diasporic religions, ethnography, female fertility, female reproduction, illness-healing, Cuban Santería

References

Abaroa Boloña, Leonel. 2013. “Bóvedas Espirituales: A Theological Study of Cuban Family Religions”. Tesis doctoral, Department of the Toronto School of Theology Faculty of Divinity, Trinity College and the Theology, University of St. Michael’s College, Toronto. https://hdl.handle.net/1807/43412

Aguiar Cedeño, Jorge Dayán y Secundino Aldama. 2023. La cultura afrocubana en Cuba, una mirada desde el siglo XXI: testimonios en entrevistas y vivencias religiosas. La Habana: Editorial Universitaria.

Baer, Hans A. 2005. “Trends in Religious Healing and the Integration of Biomedicine and Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States and Around the Globe: A Review”. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 19: 437-442. https://doi.org/10.1525/maq.2005.19.4.437

Barnet, Miguel. 1995. Cultos afrocubanos. La regla de ocha. La regla de palo monte. La Habana: Ediciones Unión.

Bartra, Roger. 2019. Chamanes y robots. Reflexiones sobre el efecto placebo y la conciencia artificial. Ciudad de México: Anagrama.

Carneiro, Janderson Bax y Sônia Maria Giacomini. “‘Ninguém vem ao mundo a passeio’: notas sobre sacerdócio feminino, cura e cuidado em terreiros de ‘umbanda traçada’”. Revista de Antropologia da UFSCar 12 (1): 280-302. https://doi.org/10.52426/rau.v12i1.340

Castro Ramírez, Luis Carlos. 2022. “Habitar mundos humanos-no-humanos en el complejo santería-ifá: relacionamientos medioambientales y flujos diaspóricos Colombia-Cuba-México”. Naturaleza y Sociedad. Desafíos Medioambientales 3: 112-155. https://doi.org/10.53010/nys3.06

Castro Ramírez, Luis Carlos. 2008. “Tecnologías terapéuticas: sistemas de interpretación en la regla de ocha y el espiritismo bogotano”. Antípoda. Revista de Antropología y Arqueología 6: 133-152. https://doi.org/10.7440/antipoda6.2008.07

Caynas Rojas, Seriad y Roberto E. Mercadillo. 2024. “Cognición extendida y símbolos de la velada mazateca con hongos psilocibios”. Andamios, Revista de Investigación Social 21 (54): 179-210. https://doi.org/10.29092/uacm.v21i54.1063

Da Silveira, Emerson José Sena e Izabela Matos Floriano Mendonça. 2014. “Novas tecnologias terapêutico-religiosas: notas sobre a apometria como técnica e campo de expressões religiosas híbridas”. Caminhos - Revista de Ciências da Religião 12 (1): 22-38. https://doi.org/10.18224/cam.v12i1.3026

Díaz, José Carlos. 2018. Las plantas de la santería y la regla de palo monte. Usos y propiedades. Ciudad de Panamá: Ediciones Aurelia.

Dow, James. 1986. “Universal Aspects of Symbolic Healing: A Theoretical Synthesis”. American Anthropologist 88 (1): 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1986.88.1.02a00040

Flores, Maria Ximena. 2021 “‘El toé te cura bonito’: modos femeninos de dar salud en el pueblo awajún (Amazonía peruana)”. Cadernos de Campo 30 (2): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9133.v30i2pe193520

Frank, Jerome y Julia Frank. 1993. Persuasion and Healing: A Comparative Study of Psychotherapy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Guber, Rosana. 2011. La etnografía. Método, campo y reflexividad. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.

Herrera Rodríguez, Tatiana. 2021. “Encuentros entre la antropología médica y la perspectiva de género en Latinoamérica, 2009-2019”. Maguaré 35 (1): 87-126. https://doi.org/10.15446/mag.v35n1.96665

Hinton, Devon y Laurence Kirmayer. 2017. “The Flexibility Hypothesis of Healing”. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 41: 3-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-016-9493-8

Holbraad, Martin. 2021. “The House of Spirits. Care and the Revolutionary State in Cuba”. The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 39 (2): 112-127. https://doi.org/10.3167/cja.2021.390208

Kirmayer, Laurence. 2004. “The Cultural Diversity of Healing: Meaning, Metaphor and Mechanism”. British Medical Bulletin 69 (1): 33-48. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldh006

Kirmayer, Laurence. 1993. “Healing and the Inventing of Metaphor: The Effectiveness of Symbols Revisited”. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 17: 161-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01379325

Kohrt, Brandon, Katherine Ottman, Catherine Panter-Brick, Melvin Konner y Vikrmam Patel. 2020. “Why We Heal: The Evolution of Psychological Healing and Implications for Global Mental Health”. Clinical Psychology Review 17: 161-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101920

Lele, Ócha’ni. 2003. The Diloggún: The Orishas, Proverbs, Sacrifices, and Prohibitions of Cuban Santería. Rochester; Vermont: Destiny Books.

Lele, Ócha’ni. 2001. Obí. Oráculo de santería cubana. Madrid: Arkano Books.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1949. “L’efficacité symbolique”. Revue de l’Histoire des Religions 135 (1): 5-27. https://doi.org/10.3406/rhr.1949.5632

Matibag, Eugenio. 1996. Afro-Cuban Religious Experience. Cultural Reflections in Narrative. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

Orozco, Maria y Shana Harris. 2022. “Psilocybin and the Meaning Response: Exploring the Healing Process in a Retreat Setting in Jamaica”. Anthropology of Consciousness 34 (1): 130-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12162

Parra-Valencia, Liliana. 2023. “Mujeres y artes: fuerza espiritual y sabiduría ancestral africana”. Boletim Do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 18 (2): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1590/2178-2547-BGOELDI-2023-0008

Peixoto, Norberto. 2018. As flores de Obaluaê: o poder curativo dos orixás. Porto Alegre: Besouro Box.

Queiroz, Víctor. 2021. “Quando o ser humano cria, ikú vem à terra: as mediações de exu, a onipresença da morte e a covid-19 em dois contextos afrorreligiosos”. Estudos Históricos 34 (73): 299-319. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2178-149420210205

Ramos Camejo, Yeney y Silfredo Rodríguez Basso. 2022. “Ikofáfun: el óvulo que viene del infinito”. Disparidades. Revista de Antropología 77 (2): e029. https://doi.org/10.3989/dra.2022.029

Reyes, Andres. 2004. “Illness and the Rule of Ocha in Cuban Santería”. Transforming Anthropology 12 (1-2): 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1525/tran.2004.12.1-2.75

Rivera López, Angélica María. 2023. “El paso de mi paso: una etnografía sobre el despertar de la fertilidad en la religión regla ocha-ifá”. Tesis de maestría, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia.

Saad, Marcelo. 2020. Terapias espirituais: rumo à integração ao tratamento convencional. São Paulo: AME-Brasil Editora.

Strathern, Marilyn. 2014. O efeito etnográfico e outros ensaios. São Paulo: Cosac Naify.

Valente, Tania Cristina de Oliveira, Davi James Dias y Stelio Alessandro Marras. 2019. “Curas e terapêuticas espirituais no Brasil: revisão crítica e algumas reflexões”. Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação 23: 2-16. https://doi.org/10.1590/Interface.180132

Verger, Pierre. 1992. Artigos. Esplendor e decadência do culto de Ìyàmi Òsòròngà “minha mãe a feiticeira” entre os Iorubas. Tomo 1. Salvador de Bahía: Corrupio.

Wedel, Johan. 2004. Santería Healing: A Journey into the Afro-Cuban World of Divinities, Spirits, and Sorcery. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.