Llenando la brecha estructural: eslabones geopolíticos que explican el Consejo de Defensa Suramericano
No. 101 (2020-01-01)Autor/a(es/as)
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Víctor M. MijaresUniversidad de los Andes (Colombia)
Resumen
Objetivo/contexto: En 2008-09, la naciente Unión de Naciones Suramericanas, Unasur, acordó y formalizó la creación de uno de sus órganos más ambiciosos, el Consejo de Defensa de América del Sur. El origen de este consejo fue sorprendente ya que algunos estados rivales, así como otros cuyos intereses de seguridad y defensa estaban distantes entre sí, participaron en él. Su desempeño estuvo marcado por este origen contradictorio, que resultó en su fracaso una década más tarde, en 2018, con la división de Unasur. Este artículo propone elementos para una explicación complementaria de la trayectoria del Consejo de Defensa de Unasur, señalando vínculos geopolíticos. Metodología: Este estudio de caso empírico que combina análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo, tanto de capacidades nacionales como de tendencias geopolíticas contemporáneas. Además, incluye la revisión de documentos oficiales y la exposición de resultados procesados de entrevistas semi-estructuradas a diplomáticos y oficiales militares suramericanos. Conclusiones: La principal contribución de este artículo es que muestra cómo la (des)concentración económica global, la (re)orientación geoestratégica de los Estados Unidos y la dinámica geopolítica contemporánea de las instituciones regionales, conforman un conjunto adecuado de causas para una explicación estructural sobre el origen, desempeño y declive del Consejo de Defensa Suramericano. Originalidad: A diferencia de la mayor parte de las explicaciones que han venido dando sobre el destino del Consejo de Defensa Suramericano, y de la Unasur en general, centradas fundamentalmente en causas domésticas, este artículo presenta una explicación sistémica y estructural que vincula las dinámicas institucionales y de seguridad de Suramérica con procesos globales de mayor alcance. Además, llega a conclusiones potencialmente replicables en otras regiones y periodos desde una combinación de herramientas de investigación cuantitativas y cualitativas.
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