Colombia Internacional

Colomb. int. | eISSN 1900-6004 | ISSN 0121-5612

La polémica de los lateralismos: una comparación entre los TLC de China y los Estados Unidos

No. 107 (2021-07-01)
  • Ana Luiza Beck
    University of Glasgow (United Kingdom)
  • Mayara T. Muller
    Federal University of Santa Catarina (Brazil)
  • Fernando Seabra
    Federal University of Santa Catarina (Brazil)

Resumen

Objetivo/contexto: en este estudio, nuestro objetivo es evaluar la expansión del bilateralismo. De hecho, la dicotomía multilateralismo-regionalismo no explica con precisión las formas de integración comercial que se han producido en las últimas décadas. Metodología: para evaluar el auge del bilateralismo, optamos, metodológicamente, por examinar el papel protagonista de China y Estados Unidos en el contexto de la integración internacional. Conclusiones: empíricamente, nuestros resultados muestran que China y Estados Unidos tienen aproximadamente el mismo número de TLC vigentes. Nuestros resultados destacan, sin embargo, tres grandes discrepancias que se constituyen en diferenciadoras de las estrategias nacionales en relación con los acuerdos comerciales. Primero, con respecto a la política de perfiles, mostramos —confirmando estudios teóricos previos— que los Estados Unidos siguen una estrategia comercial estándar, mientras que China favorece una postura idiosincrática en el alcance de sus acuerdos comerciales. Segundo, descubrimos que China muestra una clara preferencia por realizar acuerdos comerciales con los países vecinos, lo que ratifica su estrategia para consolidar su hegemonía regional en Asia. En tercer lugar, nuestra hipótesis de proximidad política demuestra ser más influyente en las iniciativas de las autoridades comerciales chinas. Originalidad: nuestra principal contribución radica en la comparación entre estas dos visiones de multilateralismo/regionalismo y bilateralismo, en cuanto al alcance de los bienes y servicios, el contenido geopolítico y el grado de flexibilidad de las políticas. En teoría, el regionalismo y el bilateralismo benefician a sus partes con la negociación de beneficios y costos y pérdidas en acuerdos comerciales; esto último permite un acuerdo aún mejor adaptado a través de medidas discrecionales pertinentes a las necesidades de cada país.

Palabras clave: bilateralismo, tratados de libre comercio, China, Estados Unidos

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