Palabras clave
implementación
construcción de paz
economías de guerra
régimen político
seguridad
sociedad civil
género
justicia transicional
Categorías
Cómo citar
Resumen
Objetivo/contexto: la investigación sobre resolución de conflictos armados ha priorizado la pregunta de cómo avanzar hacia que las partes logren acuerdos. La pregunta acerca de qué ocurre después ha recibido menos atención. Metodología: en este documento de trabajo ofrecemos una revisión de la literatura académica acerca de los factores que marcan la implementación de acuerdos de paz. Conclusiones: concebimos la implementación como un proceso de múltiples etapas (corto a largo plazo), niveles (de lo internacional a lo local) y dimensiones (incluyendo la política, la economía, la justicia y la cultura). En una fase de implementación, todas ellas deben ser abordadas en paralelo, mientras ejercen impacto mutuo e inciden en su respectivo progreso. Originalidad: la revisión general presentada aquí debe servir a académicos y formuladores de política para comprender los múltiples debates y desafíos en el proceso de implementación de acuerdos de paz.
Citas
Ansorg, Nadine, FelixHaass, and JuliaStrasheim. 2013. “Institutions for Sustainable Peace: From Research Gaps to New Frontiers.” Global Governance 19 (1): 19-26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24526237
Baker, Catherine, and JelenaObradovic-Wochnik. 2016a. “Mapping the Nexus of Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 10 (3): 281-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2016.1199483
Baker, Catherine, and JelenaObradovic-Wochnik, eds. 2016b. “Mapping the Nexus between Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 10 (3): 281-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2016.1199483
Bekoe, Dorina A.2003. “Toward a Theory of Peace Agreement Implementation: The Case of Liberia.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 38 (2-3): 256-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/002190960303800207
Bell, Christine, and CatherineO’Rourke. 2007. “Does Feminism Need a Theory of Transitional Justice? An Introductory Essay.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (1): 23-44. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijm002
Berdal, Mats, and AchimWennmann. 2013. Ending Wars, Consolidating Peace: Economic Perspectives. New York, NY:Routledge.
Binningsbo, Helga M., MarianneDahl, HavardMokleiv Nygård, MichaelWeintraub, and AbbeySteele. 2018. “Colombia’s historic peace agreement with the FARC is fraying. We talked to 1,700 Colombians to understand why – Peace Research Institute Oslo.” Washington Post, August 7, 2018. URL: https://www.prio.org/publications/11606
Bramsen, Isabel. 2022. “Controversies of Inclusion in the Colombian Peace Process: The Balancing Act of Introducing New Norms and Gaining Popular Support.” FAIR Case Brief, 5. Oslo, PRIO. URL: https://www.prio.org/publications/13050
Castillejo-Cuéllar, Alejandro. 2014. “Historical Injuries, Temporality and the Law: Articulations of a Violent Past in Two Transitional Scenarios.” Law and Critique 1 (25): 47-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10978-013-9127-Z
Chakma, Anurug. 2020. “What Determines the Implementation of Civil War Peace Agreements?” E-International Relations, August 16, 2020. https://www.e-ir.info/2020/08/16/what-determines-the-implementation-of-civil-warpeace-agreements/
Collier, Paul, Elliott, V. L., Hegre, Håvard, Hoeffler, Anke, Reynal-Querol, Marta, and Sambanis, Nicholas. 2003. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. A World Bank policy research report. Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
Collier, Paul, Anke Hoeffler, A. and MansSöderbom2008. “Post-Conflict Risks.” Journal of Peace Research 45 (4): 461–478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343308091356
Costantini, Irene. 2012. “Economic Issues in War-to-Peace Transitions: Old and New Challenges.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 64: 427-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2012.726793
Crocker, Chester A., Fen OslerHampson, and Pamela R.Aall. 2005. Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press.
Dancy, Geoff, HunjoonKim, and EricWiebelhaus-Brahm. 2010. “The Turn to Truth: Trends in Truth Commission Experimentation.” Journal of Human Rights 9 (1): 45-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754830903530326
De Greiff, Pablo, ed. 2006. The Handbook of Reparations. New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
Distler, Werner, Elena B.Stavrevska, and BirteVogel. 2018. “Economies of Peace: Economy Formation Processes and Outcomes in Conflict-Affected Societies.” Civil Wars 20 (2): 139-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2018.1500164
Emmanuel, Nikolas, and DonaldRothchild. 2007. “Economic Aid and Peace Implementation: The African Experience.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 1 (2): 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502970701302805
Flores, Thomas Edward, and IrfanNooruddin. 2012. "The Effect of Elections on Postconflict Peace and Reconstruction."The Journal of Politics74 (2): 558-570.
Gindele, Rebecca, MadhavJoshi, LouiseOlsson, JasonQuinn, EliseDitta, and RebeccaMéndez. 2018. “Implementing the Final Colombian Peace Agreement 2016–2018.” GPS Policy Brief 1. Oslo: PRIO. https://www.prio.org/publications/11132
Hartzell, Caroline, and MatthewHoddie. 2003. “Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Post-Civil War Conflict Management.” American Journal of Political Science 47 (2): 318-332. https://doi.org/10.2307/3186141
Hauenstein, Matthew, and MadhavJoshi. 2020. “Remaining Seized of the Matter: UN Resolutions and Peace Implementation.” International Studies Quarterly 64 (4): 834-844. https://doi.org/10.1093/ISQ/SQAA050
Höglund, Kristine. and Mimmi, S. Kovacs. 2010. “Beyond the Absence of War: The Diversity of Peace in Post-Settlement Societies.” Review of International Studies 36 (2): 367-390. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210510000069
James, Laura M. 2021. “Economic Provisions of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement: Selective Implementation and Long-Term Consequences.” In Making and Breaking Peace in Sudan and South Sudan: The Comprehensive Peace Agreement and Beyond, edited by Sarah. M. H.Nouwen, Laura M.James, and SharathSrinivasan, 134-152. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jarstad, Anna K., and DesireeNilsson. 2008. “From Words to Deeds: The Implementation of Power-Sharing Pacts in Peace Accords.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 25 (3): 206-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388940802218945
Jarstad, Anna K., and DesireeNilsson. 2018. “Making and Keeping Promises: Regime Type and Power-Sharing Pacts in Peace Agreements.” Peace & Change 43 (2): 178-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/pech.12285
Jones, B. D. 2001. “The Challenges of Strategic Coordination: Containing Opposition and Sustaining Implementation of Peace agreements in Civil Wars.” International Peace Academy Policy Paper Series on Peace Implementation.
Joshi, Madhav, and Jason MichaelQuinn. 2015. “Implementing the Peace: The Aggregate Implementation of Comprehensive Peace Agreements and Peace Duration after Intrastate Armed Conflict.” British Journal of Political Science 47 (4): 869-892. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000381
Joshi, Madhav, ErikMelander, and Jason MichaelQuinn. 2015. “Sequencing the Peace: How the Order of Peace Agreement Implementation Can Reduce the Destabilizing Effects of Post-accord Elections.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 61 (1): 4-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715576573
Joshi, Madhav, MylaJabilles Leguro, HåvardMokleiv Nygård, StephenOola, and MatthewHauenstein. 2020a. “The Effect of COVID-19 on Peace Agreement Implementation: The cases of Colombia, South Sudan, and the Philippines.” PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO.
Joshi, Madhav, LouiseOlsson, RebeccaGindele, JosefinaEchavarría Alvarez, EliseDitta, and PatrickMcQuestion. 2020b. “Women, Peace and Security: Understanding the Implementation of Gender Stipulations in Peace Agreements.” Joint Brief Series: New Insights on Women, Peace and Security WPS for the Next Decade. Stockholm: Folke Bernadotte Academy, PRIO and UN Women.
Joshi, Madhav, and LouiseOlsson. 2021. “War Termination and Women’s Political Rights.” Social Science Research 94: 102-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2020.102523
Joshi, Madhav, Jason MichaelQuinn, and PatrickRegan. 2015. “Annualized Implementation Data on Comprehensive Intrastate Peace Accords, 1989–2012.” Journal of Peace Research 52 (4): 551-562. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343314567486
Kozul-Wright, Richard, and PiergiuseppeFortunato, eds. 2011. Securing peace: State-building and economic development in post-conflict countries. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Krause, Jana, and LouiseOlsson. 2021. “Women’s Participation in Peace Processes.” In Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Violence and Peace Processes, edited by RogerMacGinty and AnthonyWanis-St. John, 103-119. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82962-9
Kurtenbach, Sabine, and NadineAnsorg. 2020. “Security Sector Reform After Armed Conflict.” In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, edited by OliverRichmond and GezimVisoka, 1362-1370. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kurtenbach, Sabine, and AngelikaRettberg. 2018. “Understanding the Relation Between War Economies and Post- War Crime.” Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal 3 (1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802014.2018.1457454
Kurtenbach, Sabine, and AngelikaRettberg, eds. 2020. War Economies and Post-War Crime. London: Routledge–Taylor Francis.
Ljungkvist, Kristin, and AnnaJarstad. 2021. “Revisiting the Local Turn in Peacebuilding – Through the Emerging Urban Approach.” Third World Quarterly 42 (10): 2209-2226. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2021.1929148
Lyons, Terrence. 2016. “Successful Peace Implementation: Plans and Processes.” Peacebuilding 4 (1): 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2015.1094906
Lyons, Terrence. 2018. “Peace Implementation and Quality Peace.” In Understanding Quality Peace, edited by MadhavJoshi and PeterWalllensteen, 29-43. London: Routledge.
Mac Ginty, Roger, MadhavJoshi, and Sung YongLee. 2019. “Liberal Peace Implementation and the Durability of Post-war Peace.” International Peacekeeping 26 (4): 457-486. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2019.1618189
Mac Ginty, Roger, and OliverRichmond. 2007. “Myth or Reality: Opposing Views on the Liberal Peace and Post-war Reconstruction.” Global Society 21 (4): 491-497. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600820701562710
Mac Ginty, Roger, and OliverRichmond. 2013. “The Local Turn in Peace Building: A Critical Agenda for Peace.” Third World Quarterly 34 (5): 763-783. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.800750
Mason, David T., and J. MichaelGreig. 2016. “State Capacity, Regime Type, and Sustaining the Peace After Civil War.” International Interactions 43 (6): 967-993. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2017.1260012
Massé, Frédéric, and PhilippeLe Billon. 2017. “Gold Mining in Colombia, post-War Crime and the Peace Agreement with the FARC.” Third World Thematics 3 (1): 116-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802014.2017.1362322
Miklian, Jason, John E.Katsos, AngelikaRettberg, and JenniferOetzel. 2021. “The Power of Community Partnerships in Times of Crisis.” Harvard Business Review, November 17, 2021. URL: https://hbr.org/2021/11/the-power-ofcommunity-partnerships-in-times-of-crisis
Nilsson, Desirée and Mimmi S.Kovacs. 2011. “Revisiting an Elusive Concept: A Review of the Debate on Spoilers in Peace Processes.” International Studies Review 13 (4): 606–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2011.01080.x
Oettler, Anika. 2019. “The Struggle for Gendered Peace and LGBT Rights in Colombia.” Violence, Security, and Peace Working Papers 2. LSE: Latin America and Caribbean Centre. https://www.lse.ac.uk/lacc/publications/PDFs/VSP2-OettlerGendered-Peace-LGBT-Rights-Colombia-web.pdf
Paffenholz, Thania, ed. 2010. Civil Society and Peacebuilding: a Critical Assessment. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Perry, Valery. 2008. “At Cross Purposes? Democratization and Peace Implementation Strategies in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Frozen Conflict.” Human Rights Review 10 (1): 35-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12142-008-0090-2
Rettberg, Angelika. 2003. “Is Peace your Business? The Private Sector and Peace Talks in Colombia.” Iberoamericana 3 (11): 196-201. https://doi.org/10.18441/ibam.3.2003.11.196-201
Rettberg, Angelika. 2005. “Reflexiones introductorias sobre la relación entre construcción de paz y justicia transicional.” In Entre el perdón y el paredón: preguntas y dilemas de la justicia transiciona., edited by AngelikaRettberg, 1-19. Bogotá: Ediciones Uniandes-IDRC.
Rettberg, Angelika. 2019. “The Colombian Private Sector in Colombia’s Transition to Peace.” In Civil Action and the Dynamics of Violence, edited by DeborahAvant, MarieBerry, EricaChenoweth, RachelEpstein, CullenHendrix, OliverKaplan, and TimothySisk, 255-278. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rudling, Adriana. 2019. “‘I’m Not that Chained-Up Little Person’: Four Paragons of Victimhood in Transitional Justice Discourse.” Human Rights Quarterly 41 (2): 421-440. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2019.0032
Segovia, Alexander. 2006. “Financing Reparations Programs: Reflections from International Experience.” In The Handbook of Reparations, edited by Pablo deGreiff, 650-675. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sharp, Dustin N.2013. “Interrogating the Peripheries: The Preoccupations of Fourth Generation Transitional Justice.” 26 Harvard Human Rights Journal 149. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2093452
Sriram, Chandra Lekha. 2017. “Beyond Transitional Justice: Peace, Governance, and Rule of Law.” International Studies Review 19 (1): 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/vix006
Stanley, William, and David, Holiday. 2002. “Broad Participation, Diffuse Responsibility: Peace Implementation in Guatemala.” In Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements, edited by Stephen JohnStedman, DonaldRothchild, and Elizabeth. M.Cousens, 421-462. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Stedman, Stephen John. 1997. “Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes”. International Security 222: 5–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539366
Stedman, Stephen John. 2001. “Implementing Peace Agreements in Civil Wars: Lessons and Recommendations for Policymakers.” IPA Policy Paper Series on Peace Implementation. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/ImplementingPeaceAgreementsinCivilWars_IPI2001.pdf
Stedman, Stephen John, DonaldRothchild, and Elizabeth. M.Cousens. 2002. Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Van Baalen, Sebastian, and KristineHöglund. 2019. “So, the Killings Continued: Wartime Mobilization and Post-War Violence in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.” Terrorism and Political Violence 31 (6): 1168-1186. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2017.1318126
Vandeginste, Stef, and Chandra LekhaSriram. 2011. “Power Sharing and Transitional Justice: A Clash of Paradigms?” Global Governance 17 (4): 489-505. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23104288
Walter, Barbara F.2011. Conflict Relapse and the Sustainability of Post-Conflict Peace. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Weintraub, Michael, CamiloSánchez Meertens, HelgaMalmin Binningsbø, ErikaRodriguez, MaríaEugenia Pinto, and AngelikaRettberg. 2021. “Escuchar la paz: Dimensiones y variaciones en la implementación del Acuerdo Final.” PRIO-UNDP joint report.
Wennmann, Achim. 2009. “Economic Provisions in Peace Agreements and Sustainable Peacebuilding.” Négociations 11: 43-61. https://doi.org/10.3917/neg.011.0043
Woodward, Susan L. 2002. “Economic Priorities for Peace Implementation.” IPA Policy Paper Series.
Working Through Violence Research Team. 2021. “What Covid-19 Taught Us About Doing Business During a Crisis”. Harvard Business Review, November 17, 2021. URL: https://hbr.org/2021/11/what-covid-19-taught-us-about-doingbusiness-during-a-crisis
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.