Diplomacy from Below: A Theoretical Tool for Global Studies
No. 102 (2020-04-01)Author(s)
-
Dario GhilarducciUniversidad del Rosario (Colombia)
Abstract
Objective/context: The present study wants to introduce ‘diplomacy from below’ as a conceptual tool invoked and developed in the discourse and practices of an actor of the political movements of the Italian post-autonomy during its transnational activities between the year 1997 and 2004. Methodology: This article uses a qualitative and multidisciplinary approach to provide a theoretical reference tool for the study of global relations of civil society non-state political actors. The objective of this tool is to understand how ‘diplomacy from below` is placed in the theoretical horizon of social sciences by proposing a hybrid framework that takes into account differentiated and multidisciplinary contributions. The sources of information for the study were authors belonging to the Italian Theory, English School and poststructuralist currents. Conclusions: This study offers a new theoretical tool to understand how civil society non-state political actors relate to each other in the global arena. Originality: This research introduces an original and unpublished theoretical tool for global studies.
References
Aldecoa, Francisco y MichaelKeating, eds. 1999. Paradiplomacy in Action: The Foreign Relations of Subnational Governments. Nueva York: Routledge.
Alderson, Kai y AndrewHurrell. 2000. Hedley Bull on International Society. Londres: Palgrave.
Alger, Chadwick F. 1990. “The World Relations of Cities: Closing the Gap between Social Science Paradigms and everyday Human Experience”. International Studies Quarterly 34 (4): 493-518. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600609
Alighieri, Dante. 2017. La divina commedia. Turín: SEI.
Ashley, Richard K. 1984. “The Poverty of Neorealism”. International Organization 38 (2): 225-286. www.jstor.org/stable/2706440
Ashley, Richard K. 1987. “The Geopolitics of Geopolitical Space: Toward a Critical Social Theory of International Politics”. Alternatives 12 (4): 403-434. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030437548701200401
Betsill, Michele y HarrietBulkeley. 2005. “Rethinking Sustainable Cities: Multilevel Governance and the ‘Urban’ Politics of Climate Change”. Environmental Politics 14 (1): 42-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964401042000310178
Betsill, Michele y HarrietBulkeley. 2006. “Cities and the Multilevel Governance of Global Climate Change”. Global Governance 12: 141-159. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27800607
Bleiker, Roland. 2000. Popular Dissent, Human Agency and Global Politics, vol. 70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bodei, Remo y SylviaHakopian. 2009. “Goodbye to Community: Exile and Separation”. Diacritics 39 (4): 178-184. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23256459
Bontenbal, Marike C. 2009. “Strengthening Urban Governance in the South through City-to-City Cooperation: Towards an Analytical Framework”. Habitat International 33 (2): 181-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.10.016
Bontenbal, Marike y DawoodMamoon. 2017. “Understanding City to City Cooperation: North South Partnerships of Local Authorities as Development Schemes”. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3863/5f8f5e01f8b0ab7140c227f02ae84db713c8.pdf
Borja, Jordi y ManuelCastells. 1996. Local y global: la gestión de las ciudades en la era de la información. Ciudad de México: Taurus.
Bull, Headley. 1972. “International Relations as an Academic Pursuit”. Australian Outlook 26 (3): 251-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357717208444445
Bull, Headley. 2012. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Londres: Macmillan International Higher Education.
Butler, Rohan. 1961. “Paradiplomacy”. En Studies in Diplomatic History and Historiography in Honor of GP Gooch, editado por Arshag OhanSarkissian, 12-25. Londres: Longmans.
Butterfield, Herbert, MartinWight y HeadleyBull. 1966. Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics. Sídney: Allen & Unwin.
Buzan, Barry. 2014. An Introduction to the English School of International Relations: The Societal Approach. Nueva York: John Wiley & Sons.
Cabezas, Oscar Ariel. 2013. Postsoberanía: literatura, política y trabajo. Buenos Aires: La Cebra.
Campbell, David. 1992. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Campbell, David. 1998. National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity, and Justice in Bosnia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Campbell, David. 2013. “Poststructuralism”. En International Relations Theories, editado por TimDunne, MiljaKurki y SteveSmith, 223-246. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Campbell, Timothy, ed. 2009a. “Contemporary Italian Thought 1”. 2009. Número especial, Diacritics 39 (3). https://www.jstor.org/stable/i23252632
Campbell, Timothy, ed. 2009b. “Contemporary Italian Thought 2”. 2009. Número especial, Diacritics 39 (4). https://www.jstor.org/stable/i23252616
Castro-Gómez, Santiago y EduardoMendieta, eds. 1998. Teorías sin disciplina. Latinoamericanismo, postcolonialidad y globalización en debate. Ciudad de México: Porrúa.
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 2002. Habitations of Modernity: Essays in the Wake of Subaltern Studies.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 2010. “Una pequeña historia de los estudios subalternos”. En Repensando la subalternidad, compilado por PabloSandoval, 25-52. Popayán: Envión IEP.
Chatterjee, Partha. 2006. La nación en tiempo heterogéneo y otros estudios subalternos. Lima: IEP; Clacso; Sephis.
Clark, Ann Marie. 1995. “Non-Governmental Organizations and their Influence on International Society”. Journal of International Affairs 48 (2): 507-525. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24357601
Clark, Ian. 2005. Legitimacy in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Clark, Ian. 2007. International Legitimacy and World Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Commonalities: Theorizing the Common in Contemporary Italian Thought. 2010. Cornell University. Consultado el 11 de septiembre de 2019. https://commonconf.wordpress.com
Constantinou, Costas M. 1996. On the Way to Diplomacy, vol. 7. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Constantinou, Costas M. 2006. “On Homo-diplomacy”. Space and Culture 9 (4): 351-364. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331206290135
Constantinou, Costas y James DerDerian, eds. 2010. Sustainable Diplomacies. Nueva York: Springer.
Constantinou, Costas. 1994. “Diplomatic Representations… or Who Framed the Ambassadors?”. Millennium 23 (1): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298940230010201
Davenport, David. 2002. “The New Diplomacy”. Policy Review 116: 17-30. https://www.hoover.org/research/new-diplomacy
Der Derian, James. 1987. On Diplomacy: A Genealogy of Western Estrangement. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher.
Der Derian, James y MichaelShapiro. 1989. International/Intertextual Relations: Postmodern Readings of World Politics. Lexington: Lexington Books.
Devetak, Richard. 1999. “Theories, Practices and Postmodernism in International Relations”. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 12 (2): 61-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557579908400243
Díaz Martínez, Karla. 2011. “La diplomacia de los pueblos, relaciones internacionales alternativas desde el sur”. Ciência & Trópico (Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Recife) 35 (1): 95-137. https://periodicos.fundaj.gov.br/CIC/article/viewFile/884/605
Díaz Martínez, Karla. 2013. “Diplomacia de los pueblos, propuesta contra-hegemónica en las relaciones internacionales”. Revista Búsquedas Políticas (Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Santiago de Chile) 2 (1): 213-37. http://repositorio.uahurtado.cl/bitstream/handle/11242/5125/V02N01_pp_213-237_Karla_Diaz.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Dillon, Michael y LuisLobo-Guerrero. 2008. “Biopolitics of Security in the 21st Century: An Introduction”. Review of International Studies 34 (2): 265-292. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40212521
Doty, Roxanne Lynn. 1993. “Foreign Policy as Social Construction: A Post-positivist Analysis of US Counterinsurgency Policy in the Philippines”. International Studies Quarterly 37 (3): 297-320. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600810
Doty, Roxanne Lynn. 1996. Imperial Encounters: The Politics of Representation in North-South Relations, vol. 5. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Dussel, Enrique. 2000. Europa. Modernidad y eurocentrismo. Buenos Aires: Clacso.
Edkins, Jenny. 1999. Poststructuralism and International Relations: Bringing the Political Back In. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Escobar, Arturo. 1998. La invención del tercer mundo: construcción y deconstrucción del desarrollo. Bogotá: Editorial Norma.
Escobar, Arturo. 2018. The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy. Londres: Routledge.
Esposito, Roberto. 2010. Pensiero vivente: origine e attualità della filosofia italiana. Turín: Einaudi.
Galilei, Galileo. 2017. Il saggiatore. Edición en Kindle.
Gentili, Alberico. 1924. De Legationibus Libri Tres. Reproducción fotográfica de la edición de 1594, introducción de Ernest Nys y lista de erratas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gentili, Alberico. 1933. De iure belli libri tres. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gerring, John. 1999. “What Makes a Concept Good? A Criterial Framework for Understanding Concept Formation in the Social Sciences”. Polity 31 (3): 357-393. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3235246
Geymonat, Ludovico. 1981. Storia del pensiero filosofico e scientifico. Vol. 2: Il Cinquecento. Il Seicento. Milán: Garzanti.
Ghilarducci, Dario. 2019. “La diplomacia desde abajo. Una cartografía de la esperanza”. Tesis de doctorado en Ciencia Política, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia.
Gramsci, Antonio. 1977. Quaderni dal carcere. Turín: Einaudi.
Grotius, Hugo. 2014. Hugonis Grotii. De Jure Belli AC Pacis Libri Tres: In Quibus Jus Naturae & Gentium, Item Juris Publici Praecipua Explicantur - Primary Source Edition. Charleston: Nabu Press.
Guha, Ranajit, ed. 1982. Subaltern Studies I: Writings on South Asian History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1999. Teoría de la acción comunicativa II. Madrid: Taurus.
Hardt, Michael y PaoloVirno. 1996. Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics, vol. 7. Drogheda: Choice Publishing.
Holsti, Kalevi Jaakko. 2004. Taming the Sovereigns: Institutional Change in International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hurrell, Andrew. 2007. On Global Order: Power, Values and the Constitution of International Society.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Iglesias Turrión, Pablo. 2011. Desobedientes. De Chiapas a Madrid. Madrid: Popular.
Krasner, Sthephen D. 1982. “Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables”. International Organization 36 (2): 185-205. www.jstor.org/stable/2706520
Kuznetsov, Alexander S. 2014. Theory and Practice of Paradiplomacy: Subnational Governments in International Affairs. Londres: Routledge.
Lander, Edgardo. 2000a. Ciencias sociales: saberes coloniales y eurocéntricos. Buenos Aires: Clacso.
Lander, Edgardo, comp. 2000b. La colonialidad del saber: eurocentrismo y ciencias sociales. Perspectivas latinoamericanas. Buenos Aires: Clacso.
Leigh, Darcy y CynthiaWeber. 2018. “Gendered and Sexualized Figurations of Security”. En The Handbook of Gender and Security, editado por Caron E.Gentry, Laura J.Shepherd, LauraSjoberg, 83-93. Londres: Routledge.
Little, Richard. 2000. “The English School’s Contribution to the Study of International Relations”. European Journal of International Relations 6 (3): 395-422. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066100006003004
Maquiavelo, Niccolò. 1961. Il Principe. Turín: Einaudi.
Marchesi, Francesco. 2017. “Italian Thought: ámbito filosófico y problemática historiográfica”. Tiempo Devorado 4 (3): 509-528. https://revistes.uab.cat/tdevorado/article/view/v4-n3-marchesi
Mayall, James y CorneliaNavari, eds. 1980. The End of the Post-War Era: Documents on Great-Power Relations 1968-1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Miranda, Roberto. 2005. “Paradiplomacia y gobierno local: indicios de un modo diferente de hacer relaciones internacionales”. Anuario del Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Universidad Nacional de Rosario). Consultado el 11 de septiembre de 2019. http://www.iri.edu.ar/publicaciones_iri/anuario/CD%20Anuario%202005/Cerpi/00-Miranda%20listo.pdf
Mitrano, Mena. 2017. “American Studies as Italian Theory”. Review of International American Studies 10 (1): 87-110. http://www.journals.us.edu.pl/index.php/RIAS/article/view/5408
Modonesi, Massimo. 2014. Subalternity, Antagonism, Autonomy: Constructing the Political Subject. Londres: Pluto Press.
Negri, Antonio. 2017. “Pensiero costituente. In risposta a Roberto Esposito”. Opera Viva. Consultado el 11 de septiembre de 2019. https://operavivamagazine.org/pensiero-costituente/
Neumann, Iver B. 2003. “The English School on Diplomacy: Scholarly Promise Unfulfilled”. International Relations 17 (3): 341-369. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178030173006
Odifreddi, Piergiorgio. 2013. “Il Nobel Nash Machiavelli i leader coreani e il presidente Assad”. La Repubblica, 6 de octubre. https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2013/10/06/il-nobel-nash-machiavelli-leader-coreani-il.html?refresh_ce
Opondo, Samson y MichaelShapiro, eds. 2012. The New Violent Cartography: Geo-analysis after the Aesthetic Turn. Londres: Routledge.
Přibáň, Jiří. 2016. Sovereignty in Post-sovereign Society: A Systems Theory of European Constitutionalism. Londres: Routledge.
Quijano, Aníbal. 2000. Colonialidad del poder, eurocentrismo y América Latina. Buenos Aires: Clacso.
Sandoval, Pablo. 2010. Repensando la subalternidad: miradas críticas desde/sobre América Latina. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
Shapiro, Michael. 1997. Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of War. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Shapiro, Michael. 2012. Michael J. Shapiro: Discourse, Culture, Violence. Londres: Routledge.
Sharp, Paul. 1997. “Who Needs Diplomats? The Problem of Diplomatic Representation”. International Journal 52 (4): 609-634. https://doi.org/10.1177/002070209705200407
Sharp, Paul. 1999. “For Diplomacy: Representation and the Study of International Relations”. International Studies Review 1 (1): 33-57. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3186365
Sharp, Paul. 2009. Diplomatic Theory of International Relations, vol. 111. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 1994. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”. En Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader, editado por Laura Chrisman y Patrick Willians, 66-111. Nueva York: Harvester-Wheatsheaf.
Stopford, John M. y SusanStrange, eds. 1991. Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares, vol. 18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Vargas, Andrés. 2013. “Reinterpretando la diplomacia de los pueblos”. Trabajos y Ensayos. Revista del Máster y Doctorado en Estudios Internacionales (Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao) 17. http://www.diprriihd.ehu.es/revistadoctorado/n17/Vargas17.pdf
Walker, Robert B. J. 1986. “Culture, Discourse, Insecurity”. Alternatives 11 (4): 485-504. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437548601100403
Walker, Robert B. J. 1993. Inside/Outside International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Watson, Adam. 2005. Diplomacy: The Dialogue between States. Londres: Routledge.
Weber, Cynthia. 2011. “I Am an American”: Filming the Fear of Difference. Bristol; Chicago: Intellect Books; University of Chicago Press.
Weber, Cynthia. 2016. Queer International Relations: Sovereignty, Sexuality and the Will to Knowledge. Oxford Studies in Gender and International Relations. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Wight, Martin. 1977. Systems of States. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
Wight, Martin. 1992. International Theory: The Three Traditions. Nueva York: Holmes & Meier.
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.