Colombia Internacional

Colomb. int. | eISSN 1900-6004 | ISSN 0121-5612

Analisando a variação das demandas étnicas: o caso mapuche no Chile

No. 107 (2021-07-01)
  • Carolina Vivianne Acevedo de La Harpe
    Universidad Católica de Temuco (Chile)
https://doi.org/10.7440/colombiaint107.2021.03

Resumo

Objetivo/contexto: este artigo trata da variação interna das demandas existentes no conflito étnico Mapuche/Estado do Chile. As evidências coletadas para cada comunidade Mapuche que vive entre as regiões de Biobío e La Araucanía, no Chile, demonstram a importância do caso, ressaltando a significativa heterogeneidade das demandas que se apresentam ao Estado, mas também um exercício revelador para levar o estudo de conflitos étnicos a unidades intragrupo. Metodologia: a pesquisa foi norteada por uma análise de autocorrelações espaciais e regressões hierárquicas com variáveis contextuais. Os dados foram coletados durante 2018 e 2019 de fontes primárias e secundárias, para um total de 2.524 comunidades Mapuche localizadas entre as regiões de Biobío e La Araucanía. A comunidade foi classificada como 1) autônoma, 2) discrepante, 3) não excelente e 0) quando nenhuma informação sobre a comunidade foi encontrada. Conclusões: os esforços do artigo permitem mostrar a variação existente dentro do caso, avançou-se também no teste de variáveis explicativas, como o tamanho do grupo, a longevidade das comunidades e/ou o efeito de contágio. Por sua vez, a hipótese central “clima de opinião” convida-nos a acautelar as conclusões. No entanto, destacamos o poder explicativo dentro do modelo hierárquico, onde a opinião em nível comunal permite, pelo menos, observar a variação entre as exigências. Originalidade: a variação de demandas dentro dos grupos étnicos é um fenômeno pouco abordado no estudo global dos conflitos étnicos, por isso o caso Mapuche no Chile apresenta uma grande oportunidade para continuar aprofundando o conhecimento associado aos fatores determinantes das demandas que os grupos apresentam ao Estado. Por outro lado, as conclusões nos convidam a refletir sobre o clima de opinião que as etnias têm a respeito do Estado, especialmente no caso Mapuche do Chile, situação que apoiaria a busca de respostas no conflito.

Palavras-chave: conflito étnico, demandas étnicas, avaliação do Estado, povo mapuche

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