Labor Markets in Contexts of War: Recruitment and Trafficking of Child Soldiers in Colombia

Mónica Hurtado; Ángela Iranzo Dosdad; Wilson Rodríguez

doi:10.7440/colombiaint114.2023.03

Mercados de trabalho em contextos de guerra: recrutamento e tráfico de crianças-soldados na Colômbia

No. 114 (2023-03-31)

Mónica Hurtado

Biografia do Autor
×

Mónica Hurtado holds an MA degree in Latin American Studies from Stanford University, an MA in International Studies from Notre Dame University, and a degree in Political Science from Universidad de los Andes in Colombia. She is currently an associate profes- sor at the Law School of the Universidad de la Sabana in Colombia. Her research focuses on human trafficking, child recruitment, and forced displacement. Recent publications: “What Are the Drivers of Children’s Decision to Enlist in Armed Groups? A Case Study from Antioquia, Colombia” (in coauthorship). In Human Trafficking in Conflict. Crime Prevention and Security Management, edited by Muraszkiewicz, J., Fenton, T., and Watson, H., 101-121 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020); and “Nuevos escenarios para reconstruir memoria: el caso de la población desplazada en Tocancipá” (in coauthorship). In Lugares, recorridos y sentidos de la memoria histórica: Acercamientos metodológicos, edited by Fonseca Durán, L., Vernot Van Arcken, D. M., Rojas Roa, T., Giraldo Martínez, L., Corena Puentes, E., and Luquetta Cediel, D. J., 193-217 (Bogotá: Universidad de La Sabana, 2019).

Universidad de la Sabana
ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1064-2835
Ángela Iranzo Dosdad

Biografia do Autor
×

Ángela Iranzo Dosdad holds a PhD in Political Science and International Relations from Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, an MA in International Relations and African Studies from the same university, and a degree in Audiovisual Communication from Universidad de Valencia. Currently, she is an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Her research focuses on international relations theory, migration, human trafficking, and post-secular political practices. Recent publications: “Sub-Saharan Migrants in Transit: Mobility-Immobility Intersections and Production of (In)Securities.” Mobilities 16 (5): 739-757, 2021; and “Colombia: ¿fragmentar la paz en piezas” (Des)encuentros entre los enfoques étnico, territorial y ambiental de paz.” In Dinámicas de la paz territorial en Colombia, 2016-2021, edited by Jerónimo Ríos, 11-40 (Madrid: Sílex Editorial, 2020).

Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1174-1555
Wilson Rodríguez

Biografia do Autor
×

Wilson Rodríguez holds an MA degree in Economics from Universidad Nacional de Colombia and a degree in Economics and Business Administration from Universidad de la Sabana. Currently, he is a professor at the International School of Economics and Administration at the Universidad de la Sabana. His research focuses on development eco- nomics, finance and capital markets, and impact evaluation. Recent publications: “Female board participation and firm’s financial performance: a panel study from a Latin American economy” (in coauthorship). Corporate Governance 21 (5): 920-938, 2021; and “El renminbi (RMB) y su papel frente a la búsqueda de hegemonía económica de China.” Cuadernos de Economía 40 (82): 227-252, 2021.

Universidad de la Sabana

https://doi.org/10.7440/colombiaint114.2023.03

Como Citar

Hurtado, Mónica, Ángela Iranzo Dosdad, e Wilson Rodríguez. 2023. “Mercados De Trabalho Em Contextos De Guerra: Recrutamento E tráfico De crianças-Soldados Na Colômbia”. Colombia Internacional, nº 114 (março): 65-91. https://doi.org/10.7440/colombiaint114.2023.03.

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Resumo

Objetivo/contexto: o artigo propõe analisar o recrutamento de meninas, meninos e adolescentes como um tipo de tráfico de pessoas. Além das aproximações teóricas que enfatizam as dimensões de segurança ou de direitos, esse estudo aborda o assunto como uma forma de trabalho não livre. Através de um estudo de caso sobre as práticas de recrutamento por parte do paramilitarismo na Colômbia, o artigo foca a análise na entrada de crianças e adolescentes nos grupos armados, sua saída, as funções que realizaram e as formas de exploração às que foram submetidos. A pesquisa argumenta que o recrutamento na Colômbia opera sob as dinâmicas de um mercado de trabalho em escala ampla e numa ordem social de guerra, onde os “empregadores” são grupos paramilitares e a força de trabalho é composta, em parte, por crianças e adolescentes. Metodologia: a pesquisa consiste num estudo de caso baseado em diferentes fontes de informação: a base de dados de recrutamento ilícito disponibilizado pela Unidade Especial de Justiça e Paz da Procuradoria-Geral da Colômbia (989 casos de meninas e meninos recrutados entre 1981 e 2005); sentenças de Justiça e Paz, audiências de vítimas num processo na justiça e entrevistas semiestruturadas com diferentes atores. Conclusões: a pesquisa aponta que o recrutamento, como forma de tráfico, é funcional na ordem social de guerra em contextos de pobreza e desigualdade. Há uma oferta e uma demanda. Assim, meninas e meninos que “trabalharam” como soldados não são apenas vítimas, mas também agentes que tomaram decisões. Em consequência, o estudo salienta que, se as condições socioeconómicas dessas crianças continuarem se limitando a uma decisão entre “o ruim e o pior”, mesmo após a sua desvinculação, a sua incorporação num grupo armado ilegal, num contexto de guerra ou de criminalidade, continuará sendo uma opção viável. Originalidade: o artigo contribui para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa acadêmica sobre uma questão incipiente, tal como é a sobreposição entre tráfico e recrutamento de crianças em situações de conflito armado e pós-conflito. Igualmente, o artigo contribui às pesquisas sobre “trabalho não livre”, aplicando esse conceito a um ator pouco estudado nesse âmbito – os grupos armados ilegais. Finalmente, o artigo ressalta os limites de compreender o tráfico (e, assim, o recrutamento como uma forma de tráfico) como um problema de segurança ou de titularidade de direitos. Salientam-se, desse modo, as vantagens analíticas e políticas do uso de categorias como “trabalho não livre” para procurar soluções eficazes que visem à prevenção e reintegração de crianças-soldado.

Palavras-chave: recrutamento de meninas, meninos e adolescentes, tráfico de pessoas, trabalho não livre, conflito armado, Colômbia

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Mercados de trabalho em contextos de guerra: recrutamento e tráfico de crianças-soldados na Colômbia

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