Unasur: una perspectiva analítica ecléctica de su desintegración
No. 111 (2022-07-01)Autor/a(es/as)
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Detlef NolteGerman Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) (Germany)
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Víctor MijaresUniversidad de los Andes (Colombia)
Resumen
Objetivo/contexto: este artículo tiene como objetivo explicar las causas de la virtual desintegración de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (Unasur) desde la perspectiva del eclecticismo analítico. Forma parte de la literatura creciente en torno al debate sobre el final de la teoría de las relaciones internacionales, en el que el eclecticismo analítico y el pluralismo integrador emergen como estrategias explicativas viables pero cuestionadas. Metodología: a partir de la evidencia histórica reciente disponible, así como de un voluminoso cuerpo de investigaciones sobre el objeto de estudio, partimos del eclecticismo analítico y analizamos secuencialmente a Unasur desde el realismo neoclásico, el liberalismo institucional y el constructivismo social para explicar de manera integral el caso. Conclusiones: si bien cualquiera de nuestros tres enfoques puede explicar de manera convincente las razones del fracaso de Unasur, cada uno por sí solo no capta toda la complejidad de su desaparición. Las explicaciones brindadas por los enfoques analíticos no son contradictorias sino complementarias. La combinación creativa de diferentes enfoques de relaciones internacionales mejora nuestra comprensión de un caso atípico en la historia del regionalismo latinoamericano, generalmente caracterizado por la resiliencia de las organizaciones regionales. El análisis de la desintegración de Unasur revela desafíos estructurales y factores de tensión para el regionalismo sudamericano. Hace comprensible por qué Prosur, como supuesto sucesor de Unasur, aún no ha despegado. Originalidad: el estudio sobre la Unasur y su destino ha sido prolífico. En él han predominado explicaciones rivales como el realismo neoclásico, el liberalismo institucional y el constructivismo social. Este artículo es el primero en recoger e integrar dichas explicaciones para dar con una respuesta articulada que dé cuenta del complejo proceso de desintegración suramericana.
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