A precarizaçãoextrema no mercado de trabalho agrário nos Estados Unidos
No. 89 (2017-01-01)Autor(es)
-
Simón Pedro Izcara PalaciosUniversidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas (México)
Resumo
Este artigo tem como objetivo examinar o impacto da dupla agenda da política migratória dos Estados Unidos no mercado de trabalho agrário desse país. Por meio de uma série de entrevistas de corte qualitativo, realizadas a mexicanos contratados informalmente e trabalhadores migratórios do México e na América Central, analisa-se a maneira em que a política migratória desenvolve um espetáculo militarizado de apreensões, detenções e deportações, ao mesmo tempo em que facilita a migração ilegal. Este artigo conclui que o endurecimento da política de controle fronteiriço vem impulsionando a criação de um mercado de trabalho agrário irregular caracterizado por altos níveis de exploração no trabalho e uma precarização extrema, o que tem levado ao ressurgimento de uma prática habitual há um século: a contratação informal.
Referências
Alanís Enciso, Fernando S. 2001. “Las políticas migratorias de Estados Unidos y los trabajadores mexicanos (1880-1940)”. En Encuentro en la frontera: mexicanos y norteamericanos en un espacio común, editado por Manuel CeballosRamírez, 409-447. México: El Colegio de México.
Alarcón, Rafael y WilliamBecerra. 2012. “¿Criminales o víctimas? La deportación de migrantes mexicanos de Estados Unidos a Tijuana, Baja California”. Norteamérica 7 (1): 125-148. URL: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=193724453005
Andreas, Peter. 2013. Smuggler Nation. How Illicit Trade Made America. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Carroll, Daniel, RussellSaltz y SusanGabbard. 2009. “The Changing Farm Workforce: Findings from the National Agricultural Workers Survey”. Documento de trabajo presentado en Immigration Reform and Agriculture Conference: Implications for Farmers, Farm Workers, and Communities, Washington D.C., Estados Unidos, 21-22 de mayo.
Chew, Kenneth, MarkLeach y John M.Liu. 2009. “The Revolving Door to Gold Mountain: How Chinese Immigrants Got Around U.S. Exclusion and Replenished the Chinese American Labor Pool, 1900–1910”. International Migration Review 43 (2): 410-430. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00770.x
Chiswick, Barry R. 1988. “Illegal Immigration and Immigration Control”. Journal of Economic Perspectives 2 (3): 101-115. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.2.3.101
De Genova, Nicholas P. 2002. “Migrant ‘illegality’ and deportability in everyday life”. Annual Review of Anthropology 31: 419-447. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085432
De Genova, Nicholas P. 2004. “The Legal Production of Mexican/Migrant ‘Illegality’”. Latino Studies 2 (2): 160-185. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085432
De Genova, Nicholas P. 2014. “Immigration Reform and the production of Migrant Illegality”. En Constructing Immigrant “Illegality”. Critiques, Experiences and Responses, editado por CeciliaMenjívar y DanielKanstroom, 37-62. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Durand, Jorge. 1994. Más allá de la línea. México: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes.
Durand, Jorge. 2007. “El Programa Bracero (1942-1964). Un balance crítico”. Migración y Desarrollo 9: 27-43. URL: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=66000902
Fussell, Elizabeth. 2011. “The Deportation Threat Dynamic and Victimization of Latino Migrants: Wage Theft and Robery”. The Sociological Quarterly 52 (4): 593-615. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.2307/23027567
Hagan, Jacqueline María, NestorRodríguez y BriannaCastro. 2011. “Social Effects of Mass Deportations by the United States Government, 2000-10”. Ethnic and Racial Studies 34 (8): 1374-1391. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.575233
Heyman, Josiah M.2014. “‘Illegality’ and the U.S.-Mexico Border: How It Is Produced and Resisted”. En Constructing Immigrant “Illegality”. Critiques, Experiences and Responses editado por CeciliaMenjívar y DanielKanstroom, 111-135. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Izcara Palacios, Simón Pedro. 2010. “La adicción a la mano de obra ilegal. Jornaleros tamaulipecos en Estados Unidos”. Latin American Research Review 45 (1): 55-75. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1353/lar.0.0099
Izcara Palacios, Simón Pedro. 2013. “Contrabandistas de migrantes a pequea escala de Tamaulipas”. Perfiles Latinoamericanos 42: 109-134. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.18504/pl2142-109-2013
Izcara Palacios, Simón Pedro. 2014.. Manual de investigación cualitativa. México: Fontamara.
Izcara Palacios, Simón Pedro. 2014.. “El oficio de agente facilitador del cruce fronterizo”. Papeles de Población 20 (82): 81-112.
Izcara Palacios, Simón Pedro. 2015. “Los transmigrantes centroamericanos en México”. Latin American Research Review 50 (4): 49-68. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1353/lar.2015.0050
Jenkins, J. Craig y Perrow, Charles. 1977. “Insurgency of the Powerless: Farm Worker Movements (1946-1972)”. American Sociological Review 42 (2): 249-268. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.2307/2094604
Kim, Kathleen. 2007. “Psychological Coercion in the Context of Modern-Day Involuntary Labor: Revisiting United States v. Kozminski and Understanding Human Trafficking”. University of Toledo Law Review 38 (3): 941-972. URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1021819
Krissman, Fred. 2005. “Sin Coyote Ni Patrón: Why the ‘Migrant Network’ Fails to Explain International Migration”. International Migration Review 39 (1): 4-44. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00254.x
LeMay, Michael C. 1987. From Open Door to Dutch Door: An Analysis of U.S. Immigration Policy Since 1820. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Lichtenstein, Nelson. 2012. “Tragedy in the Fields. The Self-destruction of the United Farm Workers”. Dissent 59 (1): 51-55.
Lyon, Beth. 2005. “Farm Workers in Illinois: Law Reforms and Opportunities for the Legal Academy to Assist Some of the State’s Most Disadvantaged Workers”. Southern Illinois University Law Journal 29: 263-285.
Martin, Philip L. 1990. “Harvest of Confusion: Immigration Reform and California Agriculture”. International Migration Review 24 (1): 69-95. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2546672
Martin, Philip L. 1993. “The Missing Bridge: How Immigrant Networks Keep Americans out of Dirty Jobs”. Population and Environment 14 (6): 539-565. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27503313
Martin, Philip L. 1994. “Good Intentions Gone Awry: IRCA and U.S. Agriculture”. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 534: 44-57. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1048497
Martin, Philip L. 1996. “California’s Farm Labor Market and Immigration Reform”. En Temporary Migrants in the United States, editado por LindsayLowell, 193-224. California: US Commission on Immigration Reform.
Martin, Philip L. 2002. “Mexican Workers and U.S. Agriculture: The Revolving Door”. International Migration Review 36 (4): 1124-1142. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4149494
Martin, Philip L. y LindaCalvin. 2010. “Immigration Reform: What Does It Mean for Agriculture and Rural America”. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 32 (2): 232-253. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppq006
Massey, Douglas S., JorgeDurand y Nolan J.Malone. 2009. Detrás de la trama. Políticas migratorias entre México y Estados Unidos. México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
Rodríguez, Nestor y CristianParedes. 2014. “Coercive Immigration Enforcement and Bureaucratic Ideology”. En Constructing Immigrant “Illegality”: Critiques, Experiences and Responses, editado por CeciliaMenjívar y DanielKanstroom, 63-83. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Spener, David. 2009. Clandestine Crossings. Migrants and Coyotes on the Texas-Mexico border. Londres: Cornell University Press.
Thompson, Albert N. 1956. “The Mexican Immigrant Worker in Southwestern Agriculture”. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 16 (1): 73-81. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1956.tb00150.x
Verduzco Igartúa, Gustavo. 1995. “La migración mexicana a Estados Unidos: recuento de un proceso histórico”. Estudios Sociológicos 13 (39): 573-594. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40420358
Wishnie, Michael J. 2007. “Prohibiting the Employment of Unauthorized Immigrants: The Experiment Fails”. The University of Chicago Legal Forum 193: 193-217. URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1734546
Licença
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.