Legitimidades fragmentadas? Apoio à democracia na região andina
No. 110 (2022-04-01)Autor(es)
-
Daniel Moreno MoralesCiudadanía, Comunidad de Estudios Sociales y Acción Pública (Bolivia)
-
Daniela Osorio MichelUniversidad de Vanderbilt (Estados Unidos)
Resumo
Objetivo/contexto: o apoio cidadão à democracia está em debate. No caso da América Latina, os indicadores de apoio à democracia vêm mostrando quedas marcadas durante toda a última década. Isso é particularmente evidente nos países da região andina, onde os retrocessos recentes na legitimidade das instituições democráticas estão acompanhados de processos eleitorais problemáticos e profundamente questionados pelos cidadãos. Metodologia: a partir de dados recentes de duas das principais fontes de informações de opinião pública comparativa disponíveis para a América Latina, o Barômetro das Américas e a Pesquisa Mundial de Valores, este trabalho se centraliza em indicadores de apoio cidadão à democracia em quatro países da região andina (Bolívia, Colômbia, Equador e Peru), questionando o efeito que a aprovação do governo tem sobre eles. É utilizado um desenho metodológico que reconhece diferentes níveis no apoio à democracia, com discussão da hipótese de que os efeitos devam ser diferentes entre os níveis analisados. Conclusões: os resultados demonstram que os níveis mais concretos ou superficiais de apoio à democracia são influenciados com mais força pela posição política das pessoas, enquanto na maioria dos casos as diferenças não chegam ao nível dos valores que sustentam a democracia. Originalidade: a metodologia permite identificar a multidimensionalidade do apoio cidadão à democracia e como ele depende de diversos fatores de acordo ao nível. Além disso, evidencia-se a existência de dinâmicas comuns a diferentes sociedades quanto à democracia.
Referências
Anderson, Christopher J., AndréBlais, ShaunBowler, ToddDonovan y OlaListhaug. 2005. Losers’ Consent: Elections and Democratic Legitimacy. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Berlemann, Michael, SörenEnkelmann y TorbenKuhlenkasper. 2015. “Unraveling the Relationship between Presidential Approval and the Economy: A Multidimensional Semiparametric Approach”. Journal of Applied Econometrics 30 (2): 468-486. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:wly:japmet:v:30:y:2015:i:3:p:468-486
BlaisAndré y FrançoisGélineau. 2007. “Winning, Losing and Satisfaction with Democracy”. Political Studies 55(2):425-441. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00659.x
Blais, André, AlexandreMorin-Chassé y Shane P.Singh. 2017. “Election Outcomes, Legislative Representation, and Satisfaction with Democracy”. Party Politics 23 (2): 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068815583200
Booth, John y Mitchell A.Seligson. 2009. The Legitimacy Puzzle in Latin America: Democracy and Political Support in Eight Nations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bratton, Michael y RobertMattes. 2001. “Support for Democracy in Africa: Intrinsic or Instrumental?”. British Journal of Political Science 31 (3): 447-474. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1017/S0007123401000175
Calderón, Fernando y DanielMoreno. 2013. “Carisma, sociedad y política: los líderes del neodesarrollismo”. En América Latina. ¿Del neoliberalismo al neodesarrollismo?, editado por AntonioAraníbar Arze y BenjamínRodríguez, 361-397. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.
Canache, Damarys y Mitchell A.Allison. 2005. “Perceptions of Political Corruption in Latin American Democracies”. Latin American Politics and Society 47 (3): 91-111. DOI: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2005.tb00320.x
Canache, Damarys, Jeffery J.Mondak y Mitchell A.Seligson. 2001. “Meaning and Measurement in Cross-National Research on Satisfaction with Democracy”. Public Opinion Quarterly 65 (4): 506-528. https://doi.org/10.1086/323576
Carlin, Ryan. 2006. “The Socioeconomic Roots of Support for Democracy and the Quality in Latin America”. Revista de Ciencia Política 26 (1): 48-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2006000100003
Carlin, Ryan. 2010. “Distrusting Democrats and Political Participation in New Democracies: Lessons from Chile”. Political Research Quarterly 64 (3): 668-687. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912910370692
Carlin, Ryan, Gregory J.Love y Matthew M.Singer. 2014. “A Decade of Democratic Legitimacy in the Americas”. 2014. En The Political Culture of Democracy in the Americas, 2014: Democratic Governance across 10 Years of the AmericasBarometer, editado por Elizabeth J.Zechmeister, 193-226. Nashville, TN: Latin American Public Opinion Project and USAID.
Córdova, Abby y Mitchell A.Seligson. 2009. “Economic Crisis and Democracy in Latin America”. PS: Political Science & Politics 42 (4): 673-678. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096509990114
Dahlberg, Stefan y JonasLinde. 2016. “Losing Happily? The Mitigating Effect of Democracy and Quality of Government on the Winner–Loser Gap in Political Support”. International Journal of Public Administration 39 (9): 652-664. DOI: 10.1080/01900692.2016.1177831
Dalton, Russell J. 1999. “Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies”. En Critical Citizens: Global Confidence in Democratic Government, editado por PippaNorris, 57-77. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dalton, Russell J. 2004. Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Dalton, Russell J. 2006. Citizen Politics. Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Washington: Sage; Congressional Quarterly Press Press.
Degregori, Carlos Iván. 1998. “Movimientos étnicos, democracia y nación en Perú y Bolivia”. En La construcción de la nación y la representación ciudadana en México, Guatemala, Perú y Bolivia, editado por ClaudiaDary, 159-226. Guatemala: Flacso.
Diamond, Larry. 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Donovan, Kathleen, Paul M.Kellstedt, Ellen M.Key y Matthew J.Lebo. 2020. “Motivated Reasoning, Public Opinion, and Presidential Approval”. Political Behavior 42 (4): 1201-1221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09539-8
Easton, David. 1965. A Systems Analysis of Political Life. Nueva York: Willey.
Easton, David. 1975. “A Reassessment of the Concept of Political Support”. British Journal of Political Science 5: 435-457. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400008309
Fernández, Kenneth E. y MicheleKuenzi. 2010. “Crime and Support for Democracy in Africa and Latin America”. Political Studies 58 (3): 450-471. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2009.00802.x
Finkel, Steven E., Edward N.Muller y Mitchell A.Seligson. 1989. “Economic Crisis, Incumbent Performance and Regime Support. A Comparison of Longitudinal Data from West Germany and Costa Rica”. British Journal of Political Science 19: 329-351. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400005512
Freedom House. 2019. Freedom in the World 2019. Washington D. C.; Nueva York: Freedon House. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Feb2019_FH_FITW_2019_Report_ForWeb-compressed.pdf
Fuchs, Dieter. 2007. “The Political Culture Paradigm”. En The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, editado por RussellDalton y Hans-DieterKlingeman, 161-184. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.001.0001
Fuchs, Dieter y EdeltraudRoller. 2006. “Learned Democracy? Support of Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe”. International Journal of Sociology 36 (3): 70-96. https://doi.org/10.2753/IJS0020-7659360303
Inglehart, Ronald F. 1988. “The Renaissance of Political Culture”. American Political Science Review 82 (4): 1203-1230. https://doi.org/10.2307/1961756
Inglehart, Ronald F. 2003. “How Solid Is Mass Support for Democracy—And How Can We Measure It?”. PS: Political Science & Politics 36 (1): 51-57. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1017/S1049096503001689
Inglehart, Ronald F. y ChristianWelzel. 2003. “Political Culture and Democracy: Analyzing Crosslevel Linkages”. Comparative Politics 36 (1): 61-79. https://doi.org/10.2307/4150160
Inglehart, Ronald F. y ChristianWelzel. 2005. Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790881
Kish, Leslie y Martin R.Frankel. 1974. “Inference from Complex Samples”. The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 36 (1): 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00981.x
Linde, Jonas y JoakimEkman. 2003. “Satisfaction with Democracy: A Note on a Frequently Used Indicator in Comparative Politics”. European Journal of Political Research 42 (3): 391-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00089
Linz, Juan y AlfredStepan. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, Seymour M. 1959. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy”. American Political Science Review 53 (1): 69-105. https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731
Mainwaring, Scott y Aníbal S.Pérez Liñan. 2013. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Maldonado, Arturo y Mitchell A.Seligson. 2014. “Electoral Trust in Latin America”. En Advancing Electoral Integrity, editado por PippaNorris, Richard W.Frank y FerranMartinez i Coma, 229-245. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Meléndez, Carlos y CristóbalRovira Kaltwasser. 2019. “Political Identities: The Missing Link in the Study of Populism”. Party Politics 25 (4): 520-533. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068817741287
Mishler, William y RichardRose. 2001. “Political Support for Incomplete Democracies: Realist vs. Idealist Theories and Measures”. International Political Science Review 22 (4): 303-320.
Monsiváis-Carrillo, Alejandro. 2018. “El apoyo a la democracia en México. El deseo crítico de una democracia liberal?”. Política y Gobierno 25: 263-300. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-20372018000200263&nrm=iso
Monsiváis-Carrillo, Alejandro. 2022. “Permissive Winners? The Quality of Democracy and the Winner–Loser Gap in the Perception of Freedoms”. Political Studies 70 (1): 173-194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720952230
Moreno Morales, Daniel. 2021. “The Curse Among Citizens: Corruption, Democracy and Citizen Participation in the Andean Region”. En Andean States and the Resource Curse: Institutional Change in Extractive Economies, editado por BettinaSchorr y GerardoDamonte, 122-140. Londres: Taylor and Francis.
Muller, Edward N. y Mitchell A.Seligson. 1994. “Civic Culture and Democracy. The Question of Causal Relationships”. American Political Science Review 88 (3): 635-652. https://doi.org/10.2307/2944800
Norris, Pippa, ed. 1999a. Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance. NuevaYork: Oxford University Press.
Norris, Pippa. 1999b. “Introduction: The Growth of Critical Citizens?”. En Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance, editado por PippaNorris, 1-27. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pew Research Center. 2019. “Many Across the Globe Are Dissatisfied with How Democracy Is Working”. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/04/29/many-across-the-globe-are-dissatisfied-with-how-democracy-is-working/
Przeworski, Adam, R. MichaelÁlvarez, Michael E.Álvarez, José AntonioCheibub, FernandoLimongi y Fernando PapaterraLimongi Neto. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Rust, Keith. 1985. “Variance Estimation for Complex Estimators in Sample Surveys”. Journal of Official Statistics 1 (4): 381-397.
Sarsfield, Rodolfo y FabiánEchegaray. 2005. “Opening the Black Box: How Satisfaction with Democracy and Its Perceived Efficacy Affect Regime Preference in Latin America”. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 18 (2): 153-173. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edh088
Schedler, Andreas y RodolfoSarsfield. 2007. “Democrats with Adjectives: Linking Direct and Indirect Measures of Democratic Support”. European Journal of Political Research 46 (5): 637-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00708.x
Schwarz-Blum, Vivian. 2008. “Economic Performance and Support for the System: Economic Challenges for Latin American Democracies”. En Challenges to Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evidence from the AmericasBarometer 2006, compilado por Mitchell A.Seligson, 73-88. Nashville, TN: Lapop; AmericasBarometer; Vanderbilt University.
Seligson, Mitchell A. 2002a. “The Impact of Corruption on Regime Legitimacy: A Comparative Study of Four Latin American Countries”. Journal of Politics 64: 408-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00132
Seligson, Mitchell A. 2002b. “The Renaissance of Political Culture or the Renaissance of the Ecological Fallacy?”. Comparative Politics 34 (3): 237-292. https://doi.org/10.2307/4146954
Singer, Matthew M. 2018. “Delegating Away Democracy: How Good Representation and Policy Successes Can Undermine Democratic Legitimacy”. Comparative Political Studies 51 (13): 1754-1788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414018784054
Zechmeister, Elizabeth J. y NoamLupu, eds. 2019. Pulse of Democracy. Nashville, TN: Lapop. https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ab2018/2018-19AmericasBarometer_Regional_Report_10.13.19.pdf
Licença
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.