Criminalidade dependente da trajetória histórica: governança criminal após a desmobilização paramilitar em Cali e Medellín
No. 119 (2024-07-11)Autor(es)
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Angélica Durán-MartínezUniversity of Massachusetts-Lowell (Estados Unidos)ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7537-4256
Resumo
Objetivo/contexto: após a desmobilização dos paramilitares na Colômbia, Cali e Medellín — grandes cidades com um longo histórico de violência política e criminal — registraram um declínio na violência, apesar da operação contínua de grupos criminosos. No entanto, enquanto Cali permaneceu mais violenta do que a média nacional e os grupos criminosos demonstraram menos capacidade de regular a segurança e a vida local, Medellín tornou-se menos violenta do que a média nacional e os grupos criminosos se envolveram mais intensamente na governança criminal. Metodologia: comparo essas cidades usando estudos de caso construídos por meio de trabalho de campo e entrevistas com policiais e
investigadores criminais, ONGs e líderes sociais e ex-membros de grupos, além de minha experiência prolongada de pesquisa nessas cidades. Conclusões: o contraste entre essas cidades exemplifica as diversas manifestações da criminalidade pós- conflito. Meu argumento é que essa variação está associada ao equilíbrio de poder durante o conflito, especificamente, ao nível de controle territorial e às conexões políticas que os grupos tinham antes da desmobilização. Quando o controle paramilitar e as conexões eram altos antes da desmobilização, os grupos criminosos pós-conflito têm maior probabilidade de desenvolver a governança criminal. Em contrapartida, os territórios disputados durante o conflito têm menos probabilidade de desenvolver a governança criminal. Usando ideias de trajetórias históricas (path dependence), introduzo um novo mecanismo por meio do qual as ordens de guerra afetam o comportamento criminoso: processos de aprendizado dentro e fora dos grupos criminosos. Originalidade: mostro que, para entender completamente a criminalidade pós-conflito, é fundamental considerar os atores armados marginalmente envolvidos na guerra, mas essenciais para o controle territorial. Além disso, que, para entender a governança criminal, os líderes de nível médio dos grupos armados e os processos de aprendizagem são fundamentais.
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