Cómo comparar constitucionalmente
No. 3 (2019-07-01)Autor/a(es/as)
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Rosalind DixonFaculty of Law, University of New South Wales (Sydney, Australia) Co-President, International Society of Public Law rosalind.dixon@unsw.edu.au
Resumen
Las cortes y los constitucionalistas en América Latina hacen comparaciones de derecho constitucional de manera habitual. Este artículo provee una tipología de las diferentes formas en que se puede, y de hecho se hace, la comparación constitucional –por ejemplo, las formas de préstamo u orientadas a la transferencia, las genéticas o genealógicas, las deliberativas, las empíricas, las reflexivas y/o las comparaciones cosmopolitas morales. Cada modo de comparación implica de cierta manera un foco diferente, con mayor relevancia según la teoría constitucional que se acoja y con formas “más densas” o “más superficiales”. Cada una de ellas es probablemente practicada por los diferentes actores constitucionales, como es el caso de los modos deliberativos, cosmopolitas morales o de trasplantes que es utilizada por los constituyentes, los abogados y los jueces; o en el caso de (un modo menos denso) la comparación empírica. Todos estos modos de comparación tienen valor y relevancia en América Latina. Igualmente, el artículo invita a los académicos a observar el valor de las formas empíricas o sociojurídicas de comparación, que promueven una mayor atención al contexto constitucional (incluido el contexto institucional, social, económico y político de una constitución) y a las ideas provenientes de otras disciplinas, como la historia, la sociología, la política comparada y la economía/econometría. Al hacerlo, resalta algunos principios básicos para la selección de casos que pueden guiar útilmente los procesos de comparación de este tipo. Sin embargo, también reivindica una aproximación realista a estos principios, que reconoce las fortalezas de los diferentes académicos que estudian varios sistemas constitucionales, y la necesidad de estudios provisionales que se sobreponga y que en conjunto contribuyan a robustecer los hallazgos sobre los orígenes y las consecuencias de los desarrollos constitucionales.
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