Resumen
La historia reciente de Puerto Rico (2016-2020) y su experiencia con una continuidad de crisis y desastres demuestra la normalización de los usos del estado de excepción y las órdenes ejecutivas para hacer frente a las amenazas a la seguridad pública. Este artículo analiza como los gobiernos de Estados Unidos y Puerto Rico han impuesto el estado de excepción para: abordar la crisis económica; administrar las secuelas de los huracanes Irma y María (2017); vigilar las movilizaciones anticorrupción que derrocaron al gobernador Ricardo Rosselló en el verano de 2019; atender los recientes terremotos (2019/2020) en la región sur de la Isla; y para manejar la pandemia de COVID-19. En conjunto, el análisis muestra cómo la normalización de la excepcionalidad y la militarización de la policía durante períodos de “emergencia”, en lugar de garantizar la seguridad pública, crea las condiciones para nuevas oleadas de desastres.
Citas
Agamben, Giorgio. State of Exception (Homo Sacer II, 1). Chicago: University of Chicago, 2005.
Agamben, Giorgio. Clarifications. Coronavirus and Philosophers. European Journal of Psychoanalysis, 2020. https://www.journal-psychoanalysis.eu/coronavirus-and-philosophers/
Alford, Ryan. Permanent State of Emergency. Unchecked Executive Power and the Demise of the Rule of Law. Montreal, London & Chicago: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2017.
Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow. Mass incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press, 2010.
Aronoff, Kate. There’s a shady Puerto Rico Contract you didn’t hear about. The Intercept, October 31, 2017. https://theintercept.com/2017/10/31/puerto-rico-electric-contract-cobra/
Atiles, Jose. “The Criminalisation of Anti-Colonial Struggle in Puerto Rico” in Counter-Terrorism and State Political Violence: The ‘War on Terror’ as Terror, edited, ScottPoynting & DavidWhyte. London & New York: Routledge, 2012, 156-177.
Atiles, Jose. “Colonial State Terror in Puerto Rico: A Research Agenda.” State Crime Journal, 5:2 (2016): 221-242.
Atiles, Jose. El derecho en conflicto: Despolitización y resistencia en Puerto Rico. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, 2018a.
Atiles, Jose. “Colonial State of Exception as Economic Policy: A Socio-Legal Analysis of the Puerto Rican Case.” Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 8:6 (2018b): 819-844.
Atiles, Jose. “The COVID-19 Pandemic in Puerto Rico: Exceptionality, Corruption and State-Corporate Crimes”. State Crime Journal, 10:1 (2021): 104-125.
Beckett, Katherine and SteveHerbert. “Dealing with disorder. Social control in the post-industrial city”. Theoretical Criminology, 12:1 (2008): 5-30.
Bhatti, Saquib and Carrie Sloan, C. Broken promise. PROMESA is a mode for undermining democracy and pushing austerity elsewhere in the U.S. ReFund America Project. http://www.refundproject.org/#puerto-rico.
Bishais, Linda. (eds.). Law, Security and the State of Perpetual Emergency. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2020.
Bonilla, Yarimar. “The Coloniality of Disaster: Race, Empire, and the Temporal Logic of Emergency in Puerto Rico, USA.” Political Geography, 78 (2020a) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102181.
Bonilla, Yarimar. (2020b). “The Swarm of Disaster.” Political Geography, 78 (2020b) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102182.
Bonilla, Yarimar and MarisolLeBrón (Eds.). Aftershocks of Disaster: Puerto Rico Before and After the Storm. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2019.
Brown, Alleen. “From North Dakota to Puerto Rico, Controversial Security Firm Profits from Oil Protests and Climate Disasters.” The Intercept. March 12, (2018) https://theintercept.com/2018/03/12/tigerswan-dapl-private-security-climate-disaster-response/
Brusi, Rima. “Why Puerto Rico’s Cops Ignore the Constitution at Night.” The Nation. July 30 (2019). https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/puerto-rico-police-abuse/
Cercel, Cosmin, GianFusco and SimonLavis (eds.). State of Exception: Law, History, Theory. New York: Routledge, (2020).
Césaire, Amié. Discourse on Colonialism. New York: New York University Press (2000).
Cintron, Joel. “Masked and Armed with Rifles: Military Security Roam the Street of San Juan.” Centro de Periodismo Investigativo. October 10 (2017). https://periodismoinvestigativo.com/2017/10/masked-and-armed-with-rifles-military-security-firms-roam-streets-of-san-juan/#
Cypher, James. “From Military Keynesianism to Global Neoliberal Militarism.” Monthly Review, 59:2 (2007): 37-55.
Davila, Juan. A People’s Recovery: Radical Organizing in Post-Maria Puerto Rico. The Indypendent, Issue 29, Oct 18 (2017). https://indypendent.org/2017/10/a-peoples-recovery-radical-organizing-in-post-maria-puerto-rico/
Dennis, Abner. “Wall Street vultures razed COFINA, and now they’re coming for the central government.” Eye on the Ties (2020). https://news.littlesis.org
Eslava, Luis and LinaBuchely. Security and Development? A Story about Petty Crime, the Petty State and its Petty Law. Revista de Estudios Sociales67 (2019): 40-55. https://doi.org/10.7440/res67.2019.04
Florido, Adrian. Advocate for The Poor in Puerto Rico Is Released After Arrest During Protest. NPR, April 30 (2020), https://www.npr.org/2020/04/30/848684061/puerto-rico-police-arrest-advocate-for-the-poor
GAO. “Puerto Rico. Factors Contributing to the Debt Crisis and Potential Federal Actions to Address Them. A Report to Congressional Committees”. May 2018. GAO-18-387. https://www.gao.gov/assets/700/691675.pdf
García, Gustavo. “Reflection on Disaster Colonialism. Response to Yarimar Bonilla’s The Wait of Disaster”. Political Geography, 78 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102170
Garriga-López, Adriana. “Compounded Disaster: Puerto Rico confront COVID-19 under US colonialism”. Social Anthropology, Jun 3. (2020) doi: 10.1111/1469-8676.12821
Gerstle, Gary and JoelIsaac (eds.). State of Exception in American History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020.
Gilmore, Ruth Wilson. Golden Gulag: Prison, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007.
Go, Julian. “The Imperial Origins of American Policing: Militarization and Imperial Feedback in the Early 20th Century”. American Journal of Sociology, 125:5 (2020): 1193-1254.
Grimsey, Darrin and MervynLewis. Public Private Partnership. The Worldwide Revolution in Infrastructure Provision and Project Finance. Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2004.
Harcourt, Bernard. “Neoliberal Penalty: A Brief genealogy.” Theoretical Criminology, 14:1 (2010): 74-92.
Iturralde, Manuel. “Neoliberalism and its Impact on Latin American Crime Control Fields.” Theoretical Criminology, 23:4 (2019): 471-490.
Kilómetro Cero. “Skill over force. A critical analysis of the use-of-force statistics of the Puerto Rico Police against the people”. Kilómetro Cero (2018). https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3p2WlC_-VLibEJjc2pxZjZibWZvbGtBczNzdHVRS1JvNlU0/view
Kilómetro Cero. “Documentation on interventions and cases of use of force by the Puerto Rico Police Department during the #RickyRenuncia protests.” Kilómetro Cero (2019). https://docs.google.com/document/d/1--lPFG_XwMppj71-v45EHeSe5QuIq0gRTXlWvDBGbg4/edit#heading=h.2et92p0
Kilómetro Cero. “Documentación de intervenciones y casos de uso de fuerza de la Policía durante las protestas Wanda Renuncia”. Kilómetro Cero (2020) https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FoPzYOVckahXGUl9MBba2QOzGcT3wblCouXNXxdGXXg/edit#heading=h.rgldnspa1ad3
Kishore, Nishantet al.Mortality in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. The New England Journal of Medicine. May 29, 2018. https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMsa1803972
Klein, Naomi. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. London: Penguin, 2007.
Klein, Naomi. The Battle for Paradise. Puerto Rico takes on the Disaster Capitalists. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2018.
LeBrón, Marisol. Policing Life and Death. Race, Violence, and Resistance in Puerto Rico. Oakland: University of California Press, 2019.
Loewenstein, Antony. Disaster Capitalism: Making a Killing Out of Catastrophe. London and New York: Verso, 2017.
Maldonado, Nelson. “On the Coloniality of Being.” Cultural Studies 21:2 (2017): 240-270.
Maldonado, Nelson. “Afterword: Critiques and Decoloniality in the Face of Crisis, Disaster, and Catastrophe,” In YarimarBonilla and MarisolLeBrón (Eds.) Aftershocks of Disaster: Puerto Rico Before and After the Storm. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2019, 332-340.
Morales, Ed. Fantasy Island. Colonialism, Exploitation, and the Betrayal of Puerto Rico. New York: Bold Type Books, 2019.
Neal, Andrew. Security as Politics: Beyond the State of Exception. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019.
Negrón, Frances. “Staying Alive in Puerto Rico”. Latino Rebels, May 26, 2020. https://www.latinorebels.com/2020/05/26/stayingaliveinpuertorico/
Onís, Catalina, HildaLloréns and RuthSantiago. “Puerto Rico’s Seismic Shocks.” NACLA. January 15, 2020. https://nacla.org/news/2020/01/14/puerto-rico-earthquakes-renewable-energy
Reynolds, John. Empire, Emergency and the International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Schrader, Stuart. Badges without Borders. How Global Counterinsurgency Transformed American Policing. Berkley: University of California Press, 2019.
Sosa, Omayra and JenifferWiscovitch. “More Death in Puerto Rico than Announced During the Pandemic.” Centro de Periodismo Investigativo. June 11, 2020. https://periodismoinvestigativo.com/2020/06/more-deaths-in-puerto-rico-than-announced-during-the-pandemic/
Tombs, Steve. Social Protection After the Crisis. Regulation Without Enforcement. Bristol: Policy Press, 2016.
Valentín, Luis and JoelCintrón. “El esquema de la venta de pruebas en PR”. Centro de Periodismo Investigativo. May 28 2020. https://periodismoinvestigativo.com/2020/05/el-esquema-de-la-venta-de-pruebas-en-puerto-rico/
Wacquant, Loïc. Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
Whitman, James. “Of Neo-Liberalism and Comparative Punishment.” Critical Sociology, 37:2 (2011): 217-224.