Derechos humanos y empresas: de la fragmentación a la cohesión
No. 13 (2024-10-29)Autor/a(es/as)
-
María Camila SanínBancolombia
Resumen
El área de derechos humanos y empresas (DHE) ha tenido un fuerte desarrollo en los últimos años. Cada vez tiende más a la regulación, con lo cual, se han generado instrumentos jurídicos a nivel nacional, regional e internacional. Este desarrollo ha puesto en evidencia, una vez más, uno de los fenómenos más complejos del derecho internacional: la fragmentación jurídica. El área de DHE suele entrelazarse o superponerse con otras áreas del derecho internacional como por ejemplo el internacional económico y el de inversión extranjera. Sin embargo, lo que busca explorar este artículo es cómo se puede cohesionar dicha superposición de sub-regímenes y demostrar que el desarrollo reciente del área de DHE representa la oportunidad perfecta para plantear posibles soluciones a la problemática de la fragmentación jurídica.
Referencias
AEB. One year of UFLPA: What impact is the law having? https://www.aeb.com/en/magazine/articles/uflpa- uyghur-forced-labor-prevention-act- impact.php#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20passed%20the,ties%20to%20forced%20Uyghur%20labor. cfr.org/backgrounder/contentious-us-china-trade-relationship#chapter-title-0-2
Alter, Karen J. y Sophie Meunier. “The Politics of International Regime Complexity.” Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 1 (2009): 13–24.
Alter, Karen J. y Kal Raustiala. “The Rise of International Regime Complexity.” Annual review of law and social science 14, no. 1 (2018): 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317-030830
Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos. Evaluación del ACNUDH sobre varias cuestiones preocupantes en materia de derechos humanos en la Región Autónoma Uigur de Xinjiang, República Popular China. 31 de agosto de 2022. Disponible en: https://www.ohchr.org/es/documents/country-reports/ohchr-assessment-human-rights-concerns-xinjiang-uyghur-autonomous-region
Appellate Body Report, Korea — Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef, WTO Docs WT/DS161/AB/R and WT/DS169/AB/R, AB-2000-8 (11 December 2000) [164] (‘Korea — Beef’).
Appellate Body Report, US — Gasoline, WTO Doc WT/DS2/AB/R, pt III; Appellate Body Report, European Communities — Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, WT/DS135/AB/R, AB-2000- 11 (12 March 2001) [155]–[181] (‘EC — Asbestos’).
Appellate Body Report, EC — Seal Products, WTO Docs WT/DS400/AB/R and WT/DS401/AB/R, [5.169].
Bueno, Nicolas, Anil Yilmaz Vastardis, y Isidore Ngueuleu Djeuga, “Investor Human Rights and Environmental Obligations: The Need to Redesign Corporate Social Responsibility Clauses”, The Journal of World Investment & Trade 24, no. 2 (2023): 179 – 216. https://doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340278.
Buhmann, Karin. “Human Rights and Business: Expectations, Requirements, and Procedures for the Responsible Modern Company.” En Understanding the Company: Corporate Governance and Theory, Barnali Choudhury y Martin Petrin (ed.), (Cambridge University Press, 2017): 213–31.
Business and Human Rights Resource Center. $30m fashion imports stopped for UFLPA checks. 15 de marzo de 2023. Disponible en: https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/30m-fashion-imports-stopped-for-uflpa-checks/
Business and Human Rights Resource Center. EU: Negotiators from the European Parliament reach internal agreement on due diligence directive ahead of key vote; excludes ‘use’ (18 april 2023) https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/eu-negotiators-from-the-european-parliament-reach-internal-agreement-on-due-diligence-directive-ahead-of-key-vote-excludes-use/
Business and Human Rights Resource Center. US blocked imports worth nearly USD 500 million due to Uyghur forced labour. 16 de marzo de 2023. Disponible en: https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/us-blocked-imports-worth-nearly-usd-500-million-due-to-uyghur-forced-labour/
Business and Human Rights Resource Center. USA: Piles of solar panels held at border since Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act came into force. 15 de agosto de 2022. Disponible en: https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/usa-piles-of-solar-panels-held-at-border-since-uyghur-forced-labor-prevention-act-came-into-force/
Child Labor Due Diligence Act. 2019
Chiussi, Ludovica. “The role of international investment law in the business and human rights legal process”. International community law review 21 (1) (2019): 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341389
Choudhury, Barnali. “Human Rights Provisions in International Investment Treaties and Investor– State Contracts” en Investment Protection, Human Rights, and International Arbitration in Extraordinary Times, Julian Scheu et al. (ed), (Nomos, 2022) 94–97
Comisión Europea. Propuesta de Reglamento del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo por el que se prohíben en el mercado de la Unión los productos realizados con trabajo forzoso, 2022/0269 (COD), 14 de septiembre de 2022.
Commission on Human Rights, Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005
Connor Stanford Moldo, Combatting the Uyghur Genocide via the WTO’s Public Morals Exception, 46 HASTINGS INT'L & COMP. L. Rev. 209 (2023). Disponible en: https://repository.uclawsf.edu/hastings_international_comparative_law_review/vol46/iss2/5
Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 19/28649. Wahlperiode 19.04.2021 Gesetzentwurf der Bundesregierung Entwurf eines Gesetzes über die unternehmerischen Sorgfaltspflichten in Lieferketten
Drezner, Daniel W. “The Power and Peril of International Regime Complexity.” Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 1 (2009): 65–70.
European Parliament. Trade-related policy options of a ban on forced labour products. Noviembre, 2022. International Development Law Organization
Federman, Sarah. “Genocide Studies and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Contemporary Case of the French National Railways (SNCF).” Genocide studies and prevention 11, no. 2 (2017): 13–35. Doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.11.2.1390
Gehring, Thomas, y Sebastian Oberthür. “The Causal Mechanisms of Interaction between International Institutions.” European Journal of International Relations 15, no. 1 (2009): 125–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066108100055.
General Assembly, Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising From The Diversification And Expansion Of International, UN Doc. A/CN.4/L.702
Gómez-Mera, Laura, Jean-Frédéric Morin, and Thijs Van de Graaf. “Regime Complexes.” en Architectures of Earth System Governance: Institutional Complexity and Structural Transformation, Frank Biermann y Rakhyun E. Kim (ed.), (Cambridge University Press, 2020): 137–57.
Gaukrodger David. “Business responsibilities and investment treaties”, 2021, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/paper/4a6f4f17-en
Green, Jessica F., y Graeme Auld. “Unbundling the Regime Complex: The Effects of Private Authority.” Transnational Environmental Law 6, no. 2 (2017): 259–84. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102516000121.
Gudrun Monika Zagel, WTO & Human Rights: Examining Linkages and Suggesting Convergence. IDLO VOICES OF DEVELOPMENT JURISTS PAPER SERIES Vol. 2. No. 2, 2005Henning, Randall y Tyler Pratt. “Hierarchy and Differentiation in International Regime Complexes: A Theoretical Framework for Comparative Research.” Review of International Political Economy 30 (6) (2023): 2178–2205. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2023.2259424.
Human Rights Commission, Decision 2004/116, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2004/L.73/
Human Rights Council, Human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/17/4
Informe del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la cuestión de los derechos humanos y las empresas. A/73/163
International Development Law Organization. Gudrun Monika Zagel, WTO & Human Rights: Examining Linkages and Suggesting Convergence. IDLO voices of development jurists paper series Vol. 2. No. 2, 2005.
Kreuder-Sonnen, Christian, y Michael Zürn. “After Fragmentation: Norm Collisions, Interface Conflicts, and Conflict Management.” Global Constitutionalism 9, no. 2 (2020): 241–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381719000315.
Kriebaum, Ursula. “Human Rights and International Investment Arbitration” en The Oxford Handbook of International Arbitration, Thomas Schiltz y Federico Ortino (ed.), (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020)
Latapí Agudelo, Mauricio Andrés, Lára Jóhannsdóttir, y Brynhildur Davídsdóttir. “A Literature Review of the History and Evolution of Corporate Social Responsibility.” International journal of corporate social responsibility 4, no. 1 (2019): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40991-018-0039-y
Letter to UNCITRAL Working Group III’ (7 March 2019), https://uncitral.un.org/sites/ uncitral.un.org/files/public_-_ol_arm_07.03.19_1.2019_0.pdf
Mende, Janne. “Norm Convergence and Collision in Regime Overlaps. Business and Human Rights in the UN and the EU.” Globalizations 19, no. 5 (2022): 725–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2021.1983342
Modern Slavery Act 2015. Marzo de 2015
Modern Slavery Act 2018 No. 153, 2018
Nazi-Era Claims Against German Companies.” The American journal of international law 94, no. 4 (2000): 682–687. doi.org/10.2307/2589780
Nuremberg Trial Archives The International Court of Justice: custodian of the archives of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/documents/library-of-the-court-en.pdf
Nuremberg Tribunal. Case No. 5. United States v. Friedrich Flick, et al
Nuremberg Tribunal. Case No. 6. United States v. Carl Krauch, et al., or “The IG Farben Case”.
Nuremberg Tribunal. Case No. 10. United States v. Alfried Krupp, et al., “The Krupp Case”.
Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, Responsabilidad de las empresas transnacionales y otras empresas comerciales en la esfera de los derechos humanos, UN. Doc E-CN 4-RES-2003/16
Organización Mundial del Comercio, Informe del Grupo Especial, WT/DS597/R 21 de diciembre de 2022.
Organización Mundial del Comercio, Informe del Grupo Especial, WT/DS544/R 9 de diciembre de 2022, y WT/DS548/18 9 de noviembre de 2021.
Parlamento Europeo. Resolución No. 2020/2129 (INL). Con recomendaciones destinadas a la Comisión sobre diligencia debida de las empresas y responsabilidad corporativa del 10 de marzo de 2021.
Partiti, Enrico and van der Velde, Steffen, Curbing Supply-Chain Human Rights Violations Through Trade and Due Diligence. Possible WTO Concerns Raised by the EU Conflict Minerals Regulation (June 1, 2017). Journal of World Trade 51(6) (2017, Forthcoming), T.M.C. Asser Institute for International & European Law 2017-02, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2983039
Principios Rectores sobre las Empresas y los Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas (2011).
Ramasastry, Anita. “Corporate Social Responsibility versus Business and Human Rights: Bridging the Gap between Responsibility and Accountability”. Journal of Human Rights 14 (2) (2015): 237–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2015.1037953.
Raustiala, Kal, y David G. Victor. “The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources.” International Organization 58, no. 2 (2004): 277–309. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304582036.
Rodríguez Garavito, César. Empresas y derechos humanos en el siglo XXI. (Siglo XXI Editores, 2018).
Seif, Isabella. “Business and Human Rights in International Investment Law: Empirical Evidence”. En Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy. (Springer Singapore, 2020), 1-24.
Schacherer, Stefanie.“Building responsible and sustainable supply chain frameworks: limits of international investment law and the CSR initiatives taken by the EU and China”. Asia Pacific Law Review 32, no. 2 (2024): 347-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/10192557.2024.2349825
Schrempf-Stirling, J., Van Buren, H. J., & Wettstein, F. Human Rights: A Promising Perspective for Business & Society. Business & Society, 61(5), (2022): 1282-1321. https://doi.org/10.1177/00076503211068425Shivakoti, Richa, Michael Howlett, Victor Fernandez, y Sreeja Nair. “Governing International Regime Complexes through Multi-Level Governance Mechanisms: Lessons from Water, Forestry and Migration Policy.” International journal of water resources development 37, no. 4 (2021): 658–675. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2019.1662379
Steininger, Silvia. “The Role of Human Rights in Investment Law and Arbitration” en The Cambridge Companion to Business and Human Rights Law, Ilias Bantekas y Michael Ashley Stein (ed.). (Cambridge University Press, 2021)
Surya Deva, Saad Alfarargi, David R Boyd, Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky, Victoria Lucia Tauli-Corpuz, Livingstone Sewanyana and Leo Heller, ‘Letter to UNCITRAL Working Group III’ (7 March 2019), https://uncitral.un.org/sites/ uncitral.un.org/files/public_-_ol_arm_07.03.19_1.2019_0.pdf
Tratado Bilateral de Inversión entre Canadá y Burkina Faso firmado el 20 de abril de 2015: https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaties/bit/3557/burkina-faso---canada-bit-2015-
Tratado Bilateral de Inversión entre Canadá y Guinea firmado el 27 de mayo de 2015: https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaties/bilateral-investment-treaties/3578/canada---guinea-bit-2015-
United States Continues to Block New Appellate Body Members for the World Trade Organization, Risking the Collapse of the Appellate Process.” American Journal of International Law 113, no. 4 (2019): 822–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2019.59.
Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act. 23 de diciembre de 2021
Van der Ploeg, Klara Polackova. “Investor Obligations: Transformative and Regressive Impacts of the Business and Human Rights Framework.” Business and Human Rights Journal, (2024): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2024.8.
Young, Margaret A. “Fragmentation, Regime Interaction and Sovereignty.” En Sovereignty, Statehood and State Responsibility: Essays in Honour of James Crawford, Christine Chinkin y Freya Baetens (ed.), (Cambridge University Press, 2015): 71–89.
Wettstein, Florian. Chapter 2: The History of Business and Human Rights and Its Relationship with Corporate Social Responsibility. Research Handbooks in Human Rights Series. Edward Elgar Publishing: 2020. doi:10.4337/9781786436405.00007.
Widerberg, Oscar y Philipp Pattberg. “Accountability Challenges in the Transnational Regime Complex for Climate Change”. Review of Policy Research, 34 (2017): 68-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12217
Organización Mundial del Comercio Supply chains are essential to trade, job creation, and decent work DDG Ellard (9 april 2022) Dipsonible en: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news22_e/ddgae_12apr22_e.htm
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 María Camila Sanín

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.