Cultura estratégica no desenvolvimento de capacidades de ciberdefesa na Argentina e na Colômbia
No. 124 (2025-10-15)Autor(es)
-
Maximiliano Vila SeoaneUniversidad Nacional de San Martín (Argentina)ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-7714
-
Bruno DalponteUniversidad Nacional de San Martín (Argentina)ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9167-3010
Resumo
Objetivo/contexto: apesar da urgência que a defesa cibernética representa para todos os atores envolvidos na dinâmica da segurança internacional, até agora houve pouca reflexão sobre o escopo e as implicações para os Estados periféricos. Este artigo investiga como os Estados periféricos estão desenvolvendo capacidades de defesa cibernética. Metodologia: estudo de caso comparativo e exploratório da Argentina (2013-2023) e da Colômbia (2011-2022). Conclusões: a Argentina e a Colômbia desenvolveram capacidades tecnológicas em defesa cibernética de forma semelhante, porque em momentos-chave do desenvolvimento dessas políticas públicas, a subcultura estratégica dominante levou à cooperação com os Estados aliados ocidentais para a aquisição de hardware e software de defesa cibernética, em vez de promover desenvolvimentos locais. Essa escolha favoreceu a utilização e a participação em mecanismos de aprendizagem semelhantes, como a aquisição de conhecimento por meio de fornecedores ocidentais e fazer parte de espaços de disseminação de informações e boas práticas financiados pelas principais potências em defesa cibernética. Esta decisão mais tarde revelou-se difícil de reverter, mesmo na Argentina, onde foram feitas tentativas de promover projetos para o desenvolvimento autónomo de tecnologias de defesa cibernética. Originalidade: é proposta uma estrutura conceitual que adapta e amplia o conceito da quarta geração de cultura estratégica para o estudo dos processos de desenvolvimento de capacidades de defesa.
Referências
Alonso, Matías. 2013. “Soberanía informática para la región”. Agencia TSS, 10 de octubre. https://www.agenciatss.com.ar/soberania-informatica-para-la-region/
Baumard, Philippe. 2017. Cybersecurity in France. Springer Briefs in Cybersecurity. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54308-6
Bloomfield, Alan. 2012. “Time to Move On: Reconceptualizing the Strategic Culture Debate”. Contemporary Security Policy 33 (3): 437-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2012.727679
Bonilla Giraldo, Helder Fernán y Fabricio Cabrera Ortiz, eds. 2020. Estrategia nacional de ciberdefensa y ciberseguridad —ECDCS— 2020-2030. Bogotá: Escuela Superior de Guerra. https://esdeglibros.edu.co/index.php/editorial/catalog/view/56/71/881
Brantly, Aaron y Max Smeets. 2020. “Military Operations in Cyberspace”. En Handbook of Military Sciences, editado por Anders McD Sookermany, 1-16. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_19-1
Buchanan, Ben. 2020. The Hacker and the State: Cyber Attacks and the New Normal of Geopolitics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Chenou, Jean-Marie. 2021. “The Contested Meanings of Cybersecurity: Evidence from Post-Conflict Colombia”. Conflict, Security & Development 21 (1): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2021.1888512
Cheung, Tai Ming. 2021. “A Conceptual Framework of Defence Innovation”. Journal of Strategic Studies 44 (6): 775-801. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2021.1939689
Conpes (Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social). 2011. “Lineamientos de política para ciberseguridad y ciberdefensa”. Documento Conpes 3701. Departamento Nacional de Planeación. https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Econ%C3%B3micos/3701.pdf
Conpes (Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social). 2016. “Política Nacional de Seguridad Digital”. Documento Conpes 3854. Departamento Nacional de Planeación. https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Econ%C3%B3micos/3854.pdf
Cornaglia, Silvina y Ariel Hernán Vercelli. 2017. “La ciberdefensa y su regulación legal en Argentina (2006-2015)”. Urvio: Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad 20: 46-62. https://doi.org/10.17141/urvio.20.2017.2601
Cujabante Villamil, Ximena Andrea, Martha Lucía Bahamón Jara, Jair Camilo Prieto Venegas y Jorge Alejandro Quiroga Aguilar. 2020. “Ciberseguridad y ciberdefensa en Colombia: un posible modelo a seguir en las relaciones cívico-militares”. Revista Científica General José María Córdova 18 (30): 357-377. https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.588
Dalponte, Bruno. 2019. “Strategic Culture and Regional Security Governance: The Agency of Regional Secondary Powers in the Creation of the South American Defence Council”. Tesis doctoral, University of Birmingham. https://bit.ly/3zNnLB5
Decreto 2645 de 2014. “Directiva de Política de Defensa Nacional”. Ministerio de Defensa. https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/118704/20150119?busqueda=1
Dirección General de Ciberdefensa. 2015. “Inauguración Centro de Ciberdefensa”. 25 de noviembre. https://web.archive.org/web/20160704200624/http://www.ciberdef.mindef.gob.ar/eventos/inauguracion.html
Domingo, Francis C. 2022. Making Sense of Cyber Capabilities for Small States: Case Studies from the Asia-Pacific. Abingdon, Oxon; Nueva York, NY: Routledge.
Eissa, Sergio G. y Ana Albarracín Keticoglu. 2020. “La ciberdefensa en su laberinto: cambio de rumbo en la concepción de ciberdefensa durante la gestión de Mauricio Macri (2015- 2019)”. Revista Defensa Nacional 5: 7-41. http://cefadigital.edu.ar/handle/1847939/1707
“Fuerzas armadas se capacitarán en ciberdefensa en Estonia”. 2014. El Espectador, 2 de septiembre. https://www.elespectador.com/judicial/fuerzas-armadas-se-capacitaran-en-ciberdefensa-en-estonia-article-514159/
Gomez, Miguel Alberto. 2021. “Overcoming Uncertainty in Cyberspace: Strategic Culture and Cognitive Schemas”. Defence Studies 21 (1): 25-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2020.1851603
Gomez, Miguel Alberto. 2023. “Tracing Strategic Preferences in Cyberspace: The Role of Regional and Domestic Strategic Culture”. Comparative Strategy 42 (1): 103-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2111912
Gray, Colin S. 1999. “Strategic Culture as Context: The First Generation of Theory Strikes Back”. Review of International Studies 25 (1): 49-69. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210599000492
Homburger, Zine. 2019. “The Necessity and Pitfall of Cybersecurity Capacity Building for Norm Development in Cyberspace”. Global Society 33 (2): 224-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2019.1569502
Inkster, Nigel. 2016. China’s Cyber Power. Abingdon, Oxfordshire; Londres: Routledge; The International Institute for Strategic Studies.
ITU (International Telecomunication Union). 2021. Global Cybersecurity Index, 2020: Measuring Commitment to Cybersecurity. Ginebra: ITU. https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/str/D-STR-GCI.01-2021-PDF-E.pdf
Jensen, Benjamin, Brandon Valeriano y Ryan Maness. 2019. “Fancy Bears and Digital Trolls: Cyber Strategy with a Russian Twist”. Journal of Strategic Studies 42 (2): 212-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2018.1559152
Johnston, Alastair Iain. 1995. “Thinking about Strategic Culture”. International Security 19 (4): 32-64. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539119
Kari, Martti J. y Katri Pynnöniemi. 2023. “Theory of Strategic Culture: An Analytical Framework for Russian Cyber Threat Perception”. Journal of Strategic Studies 46 (1): 56-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2019.1663411
Katzenstein, Peter J., ed. 1996. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Kostyuk, Nadiya. 2024. “Allies and Diffusion of State Military Cybercapacity”. Journal of Peace Research 61 (1): 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433241226559
Ley 23554 de 1988. “Defensa Nacional”. Honorable Congreso de la Nación Argentina. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-23554-20988/actualizacion
Libel, Tamir. 2016. “Explaining the Security Paradigm Shift: Strategic Culture, Epistemic Communities, and Israel’s Changing National Security Policy”. Defence Studies 16 (2): 137-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2016.1165595
Marrone, Alessandro y Ester Sabatino. 2021. “Cyber Defence in NATO Countries: Comparing Models”. IAI Papers 21|05. Istituto Affari Internazionali, Roma. https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/cyber-defence-nato-countries-comparing-models
Meyer, Christoph O. 2005. “Convergence towards a European Strategic Culture?: A Constructivist Framework for Explaining Changing Norms”. European Journal of International Relations 11 (4): 523-549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066105057899
Mindef (Ministerio de Defensa de la República Argentina). 2023. “Taiana inauguró la red de fibra óptica de la Defensa que brindará comunicaciones seguras para el Sistema de Defensa Nacional”. 7 de septiembre. ttps://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/taiana-inauguro-la-red-de-fibra-optica-de-la-defensa-que-brindara-comunicaciones-seguras
Mindef (Ministerio de Defensa de la República Argentina) e IMOD (Ministerio de Defensa del Estado de Israel). 2018. “Acuerdo de Implementación (relacionado al Proyecto ‘Núcleo de CSIRT y CERT’”. 5 de octubre. https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/193298/20181005?busqueda=1
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). 2021. “Relations with Colombia”. 17 de junio. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_143936.htm
Pawlak, Patryk. 2016. “Capacity Building in Cyberspace as an Instrument of Foreign Policy”. Global Policy 7 (1): 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12298
Pawlak, Patryk y Panagiota-Nayia Barmpaliou. 2017. “Politics of Cybersecurity Capacity Building: Conundrum and Opportunity”. Journal of Cyber Policy 2 (1): 123-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2017.1294610
Realpe Díaz, Milena Elizabeth. 2019. “Estrategia militar de ciberdefensa para las Fuerzas Militares de Colombia de cara a las amenazas cibernéticas que imponen las tecnologías disruptivas al 2022”. Tesis de maestría, Escuela Superior de Guerra, Bogotá. https://www.esdegrepositorio.edu.co/handle/20.500.14205/4309
Rico, Manuel. 2023. “Mollitiam: así es la contratista del Ejército y sus herramientas de ciberespionaje”. El Espectador, 20 de febrero. https://www.elespectador.com/judicial/mollitiam-asi-es-la-contratista-del-ejercito-y-sus-herramientas-de-ciberespionaje/
Rid, Thomas. 2012. “Cyber War Will Not Take Place”. Journal of Strategic Studies 35 (1): 5-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2011.608939
Sagasti Hochhausler, Francisco. 2011. Ciencia, tecnología, innovación: políticas para América Latina. Lima: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Sánchez Lozano, Martha Liliana. 2018. Los conflictos armados en el ciberespacio: retos del derecho internacional humanitario. Bogotá: Ibáñez.
Smeets, Max. 2022. “Cyber Arms Transfer: Meaning, Limits, and Implications”. Security Studies 31 (1): 65-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2022.2041081
Snyder, Jack L. 1977. “The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations”. R-2154-AF. The Rand Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2005/R2154.pdf
Solar, Carlos. 2020. “Cybersecurity and Cyber Defence in the Emerging Democracies”. Journal of Cyber Policy 5 (3): 392-412. https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2020.1820546
Tabansky, Lior e Isaac Ben Israel. 2015. Cybersecurity in Israel. Springer Briefs in Cybersecurity. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18986-4
Torres, Miguel y José Miguel Ahumada. 2022. “Las relaciones centro-periferia en el siglo XXI”. El Trimestre Económico 89 (353): 151-195. https://doi.org/10.20430/ete.v89i353.1432
UIT-T (Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones). 2008. “Aspectos generales de la ciberseguridad”. Recomendación UIT-T X.1205. https://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-X.1205-200804-I!!PDF-S&type=items
V., Anand. 2020. “Revisiting the Discourse on Strategic Culture: An Assessment of the Conceptual Debates”. Strategic Analysis 44 (3): 193-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2020.1787684
Vila Seoane, Maximiliano Facundo. 2022. “La ciberhegemonía de EEUU en la OEA”. Estudos Internacionais: Revista de Relações Internacionais da PUC Minas 10 (4): 91-112. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2022v10n4p91-112
Vila Seoane, Maximiliano Facundo y Marcelo Saguier. 2019. “Ciberpolítica, digitalización y relaciones internacionales: un enfoque desde la literatura crítica de economía política internacional”. Relaciones Internacionales 40: 113-131. https://doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2019.40.005
Weber, Valentin. 2018. “Linking Cyber Strategy with Grand Strategy: The Case of the United States”. Journal of Cyber Policy 3 (2): 236-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2018.1511741
Whyte, Christopher y Brian M. Mazanec. 2023. Understanding Cyber Warfare: Politics, Policy and Strategy. 2.a ed. Londres: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003246398
Willers, Johann Ole. 2022. “Seeding the Cloud: Consultancy Services in the Nascent Field of Cyber Capacity Building”. Public Administration 100 (3): 538-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12773
Wilner, Alex S. 2020. “US Cyber Deterrence: Practice Guiding Theory”. Journal of Strategic Studies 43 (2): 245-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2018.1563779
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Maximiliano Vila Seoane, Bruno Dalponte
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.