Revista de Estudios Sociales

rev. estud. soc. | eISSN 1900-5180 | ISSN 0123-885X

Paz con género: un análisis feminista queer del Plan Nacional de Acción sobre Mujeres, Paz y Seguridad de Sudáfrica (2020-2025)

No. 83 (2023-01-01)
  • Gabriela Pinheiro
    University of Pretoria, South Africa

Resumen

Este artículo de investigación presenta un análisis feminista queer de los discursos de género del Plan Nacional de Acción (PNA) sobre Mujeres, Paz y Seguridad (MPS) de Sudáfrica (2020-2025). Se basa en un amplio campo académico sobre MPS y usa el estudio de caso del PNA de Sudáfrica para ilustrar cómo se pueden emplear las políticas para aprovechar el lenguaje crítico de género y crear posibilidades para (re)imaginar radicalmente la paz de género. Si bien ya existe una base de conocimiento considerable que explora los discursos de género de los PNA sobre MPS, una brecha importante en la literatura —que solo se ha empezado a explorar con mayor rigor recientemente— es el de la unión de las teorías queer y feministas para ampliar todavía más el alcance del análisis discursivo de políticas. En este contexto, se aplicó un análisis crítico del discurso (ACD) feminista al estudio de caso del PNA para sacar a la luz los discursos dominantes y los contradiscursos sobre género, así como sus posibles efectos incluyentes/excluyentes. Los hallazgos clave resaltan el valor potencial de los discursos sobre políticas que, en su fragmentación, rupturas, continuidades y ambivalencias, pueden facilitar oportunidades para una paz queer a nivel instrumental y más allá.

Palabras clave: análisis del discurso, género, mujeres, paz y seguridad, perspectivas feministas queer, Plan Nacional de Acción, Sudáfrica

Referencias

Ahmed, Sarah. 2014. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Bacchi, Carol. 2009. Analysing Policy: What’s the Problem Represented to Be?Frenchs Forest: Pearson.

Bacchi, Carol. 2010. “Policy as Discourse: What Does it Mean? Where Does it Get Us?” Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 21: 45-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596300050005493

Basu, Soumita. 2016. “The Global South Writes 1325 (Too)”. International Political Science Review 37 (3): 362-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512116642616

Björkdahl, Annika and JohannaMannergren Selimovic. 2015. “Translating UNSCR 1325 From the Global to the National: Protection, Representation and Participation in National Action Plans of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda”. Conflict, Security & Development 15 (4): 311-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2015.1071973

Björkdahl, Annika and JohannaMannergren Selimovic. 2021. “Methodologies for Feminist Peace Research”. In The Routledge Handbook of Feminist Peace Research, edited by TarjaVäyrynen, SwatiParashar, ÉliseFéron and CatiaCecilia Confortini, 40-50. Oxon: Routledge.

Björkdahl, Annika, MartinHall, and TedSvensson. 2019. “Everyday International Relations: Editors’ Introduction”. Cooperation and Conflict 54 (2): 123-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836719845834

Burger, Delien, ed. 2020. “National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security 2020-2025”. Department of International Relations and Cooperation Office/ Government of South Africa. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202103/south-african-national-action-plan-women-peace-and-security.pdf

Butler, Judith. 1988. “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory”. Theatre Journal 40 (4): 519. https://doi.org/10.2307/3207893

CSVR (Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation). 2016. Gender-Based Violence (GBV) in South Africa: A Brief Review. CSVR; Embassy of Finland. https://www.csvr.org.za/pdf/Gender%20Based%20Violence%20in%20South%20Africa%20-%20A%20Brief%20Review.pdf

Cóbar, José Alvarado, EmmaBjertén-günther and YeonjuJung. 2018. “Assessing Gender Perspectives in Peace Processes with Application to the Cases of Colombia and Mindanao”. SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security 6: 1-31.

Cockburn, Cynthia. 2004. “The Continuum of Violence: A Gender Perspective on War and Peace”. In Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones, edited by WenonaGiles and JenniferHyndman, 24-44. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520230729.003.0002

Connell, Raewyn. 1995. Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Drummond, Paula and TamyaRebelo. 2020. “Global Pathways or Local Spins? National Action Plans in South America”. International Feminist Journal of Politics 22 (4): 462-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2020.1783339

Edenborg, Emil. 2021. “Queer Theories of Peace and Security”. In The Routledge Handbook of Feminist Peace Research, edited by TarjaVäyrynen, SwatiParashar, ÉliseFéron and CatiaCecilia Confortini, 50-60. Oxon: Routledge.

Enloe, Cynthia. 1993. The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Fairclough, Norman, RuthWodak and JaneMulderrig. 2011. “Critical Discourse Analysis”. In Discourse as Social Interaction, edited by Teun A.Van Dijk, 357-378. London: Sage.

Foucault, Michel. 1980. History of Sexuality. Volume One: An Introduction. New York: Vintage.

Fritz, Jan Marie, SharonDoering and BelginGumru. 2011. “Women, Peace, Security and the National Action Plans”. Journal of Applied Social Science 5 (1): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/193672441100500101

Graaff, Karen. 2021. “The Implications of a Narrow Understanding of Gender-Based Violence”. Feminist Encounters 5 (1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/9749

Haastrup, Toni and JamieHagen. 2021. “Racial Hierarchies of Knowledge Production in the Women, Peace and Security Agenda”. Critical Studies on Security 9 (1): 27-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/21624887.2021.1904192

Hagen, Jamie. 2016. “Queering Women, Peace and Security”. International Affairs 92 (2): 313-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12551

Hagen, Jamie. 2017. “Queering Women, Peace and Security in Colombia”. Critical Studies on Security 5 (1): 125-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/21624887.2017.1294835

Hagen, Jamie. 2019. “The Future of LGBTQ Human Rights in the Women, Peace and Security Agenda”. IPI Global Observatory, July 17. https://theglobalobservatory.org/2019/07/the-future-of-lgbtq-human-rights-in-the-women-peace-and-security-agenda/

Hagen, Jamie. 2021. “Queer Reflections on 20 Years of Women, Peace and Security: A Conversation with Dr. Jamie Hagen”. Interview by Praxis. The Fletcher Journal of Human Security, February 10. https://sites.tufts.edu/praxis/2021/02/10/queer-reflections-on-20-years-of-women-peace-and-security-a-conversation-with-dr-jamie-hagen/

Hassim, Shireen. 2014. “Violent Modernity: Gender, Race and Bodies in Contemporary South African Politics”. Politikon 41 (2): 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2013.865824

Hearn, Jeff, KopanoRatele, TamaraShefer and AnisurRahman Kahn. 2021. “Men, Masculinities, Peace and Violence: A Multi-Level Overview on Justice and Conflict”. In The Routledge Handbook of Feminist Peace Research, edited by TarjaVäyrynen, SwatiParashar, ÉliseFéron and CatiaCecilia Confortini, 313-323. Oxon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429024160-34

Hendricks, Cheryl. 2015. “Women, Peace and Security in Africa”. African Security Review 24 (4): 364-375.

Hendricks, Cheryl. 2017. “Progress and Challenges in Implementing the Women, Peace and Security Agenda in the African Union’s Peace and Security Architecture”. Africa Development 42 (3): 73-98.

Henry, Marsha. 2021. “On the Necessity of Critical Race Feminism for Women, Peace and Security”. Critical Studies on Security 9 (1): 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/21624887.2021.1904191

Hollway, Wendy. 2004. “Editorial. Special Issue on Psycho-Social Research”. International Journal of Critical Psychology 10: 5-13.

Hudson, Heidi. 2017. “The Power of Mixed Messages: Women, Peace, and Security Language in National Action Plans from Africa. Africa Spectrum 52 (3): 3-29. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44982233

Jayakumar, Kirthi. 2022. “The Women, Peace and Security Agenda through a Queer Theory Lens”. Journal of Regional Security 17 (1): 83-110. https://doi.org/10.5937/jrs17-33461

Judge, Melanie. 2021. “Queer at 25: A Critical Perspective on Queerness, Politics and Futures”. Journal of Asian and African Studies 56 (1): 120-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620946855

Kirby, Paul, and Laura J.Shepherd. 2016. “The Futures Past of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda”. International Affairs 92 (2): 373-392. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12549

Klem, Bart. 2018. “The Problem of Peace and the Meaning of ‘Post-War’”. Conflict, Security & Development 18 (3): 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2018.1468532

Lamb, Guy. 2018. “Police Militarisation and the “War on Crime” in South Africa”. Journal of Southern African Studies 44 (5): 933-949. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2018.1503831

Lazar, Michelle M.2007. “Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis: Articulating a Feminist Discourse Praxis”. Critical Discourse Studies 4 (2): 141-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405900701464816

Madsen, Diana and HeidiHudson. 2020. “Temporality and the Discursive Dynamics of the Rwandan National Action Plans on Women, Peace and Security from 2009 and 2018”. International Feminist Journal of Politics 22 (4): 550-571. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2020.1779600

Madumise-Pajibo, Brenda and OliveShisana, eds. 2020. "National Strategic Plan on Gender Based Violence and Femicide". Interim Steering Committee/ Government of South Africa. https://www.justice.gov.za/vg/gbv/NSP-GBVF-FINAL-DOC-04-05.pdf

Maier, Nicole. 2020. “Queering Colombia’s Peace Process: A Case Study of LGBTI Inclusion”. The International Journal of Human Rights 24 (4): 377-392. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1619551

McEvoy, Sandra. 2015. “Queering Security Studies in Northern Ireland: Problem, Practice and Practitioner”. In Sexualities in World Politics: How LGBTQ Claims Shape International Relations, edited by Manuela LavinasPicq and MarkusThiel, 139-154. London: Routledge.

Nakayama, Thomas and Charles E.Morris. 2015. “Worldmaking and Everyday Interventions”. QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking 2 (1): v-viii. https://doi.org/10.14321/qed.2.1.000v

Newby, Vanessa and AlannaO’Malley. 2021. “WPS 20 Years On: Where are the Women Now?”. Global Studies Quarterly 1 (3): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksab017

Nkenkana, Akhona. 2015. “No African Futures Without the Liberation of Women: A Decolonial Feminist Perspective”. Africa Development 40 (3): 41-57. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ad/article/view/124751

Otto, Diane. 2020. “Rethinking ‘Peace’ in International Law and Politics From a Queer Feminist Perspective”. Feminist Review 126: 19-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141778920948081

Peterson, Spike. 2014. “Family Matters: How Queering the Intimate Queers the International”. International Studies Review 16 (4): 604-608. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24758506

Pinheiro, Gabriela and ClareHarvey. 2019. “‘We Are a Collective, a Lot of Us Together, Standing Up’: South African Black Lesbian Women’s Activism Against Discourses of Blackwashing Homophobia”. Agenda 33 (2): 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2019.1618635

Pinheiro, Gabriela and PeaceKiguwa. 2021. Gender and Germs: Unmasking War Frames in South Africa’s Militarised Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pretoria: Centre for Sexualities, AIDS and Gender Press.

Pratt, Nicola. 2013. “Reconceptualizing Gender, Reinscribing Racial-Sexual Boundaries in International Security: The Case of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on ‘Women, Peace and Security’”. International Studies Quarterly 57 (4): 772-783. https://doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12032

Pratt, Nicola and SophieRichter-Devroe. 2011. “Critically Examining UNSCR 1325 on Women, Peace and Security”. International Feminist Journal of Politics 13 (4): 489-503. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2011.611658

Scott, Joan W.1986. “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis”. The American Historical Review 91 (5): 1053-1075. https://doi.org/10.2307/1864376

Shepherd, Laura J.2011. “Sex, Security and Superhero(in)es: From 1325 to 1820 and Beyond”. International Feminist Journal of Politics 13 (4): 504-521. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2011.611659

Shepherd, Laura J.2016. “Victims of Violence or Agents of Change? Representations of Women in Un Peacebuilding Discourse”. Peacebuilding 4 (2): 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2016.1192246

Shepherd, Laura J.2020. “Knowing Women, Peace and Security: New Issues and New Modes of Encounter”. International Feminist Journal of Politics 22 (5): 625-628. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2020.1844398

Shepherd, Laura J. and LauraSjoberg. 2012. “Trans-Bodies In/of War(s): Cisprivilege and Contemporary Security Strategy”. Feminist Review 101: 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.2011.53

Thiel, Markus. 2019. “Theorizing the EU’s International Promotion of LGBTI Rights Policies in the Global South”. In EU Development Policies. International Political Economy Series, edited by Sarah L.Beringer, SylviaMaier, MarkusThiel, 35-53. London: Palgrave Macmillan Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01307-3_3

True, Jacqui. 2016. “Explaining the Global Diffusion of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda”. International Political Science Review 37 (3): 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512116632372

Tucker, Andrew. 2009. Queer Visibilities: Space, Identity and Interaction in Cape Town. London: Wiley-Blackwell.

Van Zyl, Mikki and MelissaSteyn, eds. 2005. Performing Queer: Shaping Sexualities 1994-2004 Volume One. Cape Town: Kwela Books.

Vincent, Louise and SimonHowell. 2014. “‘Unnatural’, ‘Un-African’ and ‘Ungodly’: Homophobic Discourse in Democratic South Africa”. Sexualities 17 (4): 472-483. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460714524766

Weedon, Chris. 1987. Feminist Practice and Poststructuralist Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.

Windvogel, Kim and Kelly-EveKoopman, eds. 2019. They Called me Queer. Cape Town: Kwela Books.

Wright, Hannah. 2020. “‘Masculinities perspectives’: Advancing a Radical Women, Peace and Security Agenda?”. International Feminist Journal of Politics 22 (5): 652-674. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2019.1667849