Revista de Estudios Sociales

rev. estud. soc. | eISSN 1900-5180 | ISSN 0123-885X

Mapeando la pobreza y el bienestar a través del procesamiento de lenguaje natural

No. 93 (2025-07-25)
  • Guberney Muñetón-Santa
    Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
    Identificador ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5194-1914
  • Carlos Andrés Pérez Aguirre
    Grupo de Epidemiología Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública - UdeA
    Identificador ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4937-1163
  • Juan Rafael Orozco-Arroyave
    Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
    Identificador ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8507-0782
https://doi.org/10.7440/res93.2025.03

Resumen

Los índices de pobreza y bienestar abarcan una serie de dimensiones que reflejan aspectos valiosos y susceptibles de cuantificación de las vidas de las personas. Tales dimensiones evidencian sus preocupaciones y prioridades, de manera que ofrecen un acercamiento a sus experiencias. Este estudio identifica las dimensiones de la pobreza y del bienestar directamente en el lenguaje cotidiano y propone un método novedoso para asignarle valor a cada una de acuerdo con lo que las personas consideran importante. Mediante técnicas de modelado de temas, en el marco del procesamiento del lenguaje natural, detectamos las principales temáticas que la gente, en sus propias palabras, asocia con la pobreza y el bienestar. Igualmente, aplicamos la técnica de apren­dizaje por transferencia a partir de un modelo de clasificación de disparo cero, con el fin de asignar valor a las dimensiones de estudio y ordenarlas según su relevancia para el grupo poblacional que fue examinado. En nuestros casos de estudio encontramos que las dimensiones relacionadas con la pobreza que más sobresalían eran la falta de oportunidades, el desempleo, la desmotivación, la falta de dinero y los intentos por salir adelante. Por su parte, entre las dimensiones relacionadas con el bienestar hallamos la calidad de vida, la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas, la alimentación y la salud. Este enfoque permite precisar cuáles deben ser las áreas prioritarias para la intervención y la asignación de recursos. Finalmente, recomendamos aplicar técnicas de modelado de temas al momento de diseñar indicadores multidimensionales, pues esto posibilita que los investigadores y los encargados de formular las políticas construyan los indicadores sociales a la medida de las necesidades de las personas a las que buscan servir.

Palabras clave: bienestar, enfoque de capacidades, inteligencia artificial, modelado de temas, pobreza multidimensional, procesamiento de lenguaje natural

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