Revista de Estudios Sociales

rev. estud. soc. | eISSN 1900-5180 | ISSN 0123-885X

Pesquisadores em início de carreira (early career researchers): características e dilemas da fase inicial da carreira científica

No. 92 (2025-04-08)
  • Melania Stehli
    Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
    ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9027-7131
  • Patricia Jimena Rivero
    Conicet-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina
    ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6048-8349
https://doi.org/10.7440/res92.2025.04

Resumo

O artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre o conhecimento existente sobre o estudo das carreiras científicas (ou carreiras de pesquisa), identificar as dimensões compartilhadas com a abordagem geral da sociologia das carreiras e dos estudos organizacionais, e destacar as particularidades que as distinguem dos modos de fazer carreira em outras ocupações. Para isso, focamos nas características e nos problemas da fase inicial da carreira científica (early career researcher), devido à relevância que a literatura e as políticas públicas conferem a esse momento nas estratégias de construção de uma carreira “bem-sucedida”. Com base em uma revisão crítica da literatura, discutimos os pontos de consenso e os temas centrais ligados às carreiras de pesquisa, com ênfase na fase inicial. Conclui-se que as análises dessa etapa da carreira permitem conhecer as formas de ordenação e organização das carreiras científicas em diferentes contextos nacionais. Isso poderia subsidiar a formulação de estratégias de diagnóstico, monitoramento e comparação voltadas à gestão de uma das dimensões centrais das instituições de ensino superior e dos sistemas de ciência, tecnologia e inovação: seus recursos humanos.

Palavras-chave: carreiras científicas, início de carreira, sistemas de ciência pública, sociologia da ciência e tecnologia, sociologia das carreiras

Referências

Åkerlind, Gerlese S. 2005. “Postdoctoral Researchers: Roles, Functions and Career Prospects”. Higher Education Research & Development 24 (1): 21-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0729436052000318550

Alcaide Castro, Manuel. 2004. “La crisis del modelo tradicional de carrera”. Temas Laborales: Revista Andaluza de Trabajo y Bienestar Social 73: 223-250. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=963737

Arthur, Michael, Svetlana Khapova y Celeste Wilderom. 2005. “Career Success in a Boundaryless Career World”. Journal of Organizational Behavior 26 (2): 177-202. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.290

Auriol, Laudeline, Max Misu y Rebecca Ann Freeman. 2013. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2013/04. “Careers of Doctorate Holders: Analysis of Labour Market and Mobility Indicators”. París: OECD Publishing [edición digital]. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/careers-of-doctorate-holders_5k43nxgs289w-en

Bailyn, Lotte. 1989. “Understanding Individual Experience at Work: Comments on the Theory and Practice of Careers”. En Handbook of Career Theory, editado por Michael B. Arthur, Douglas T. Hall y Barbara S. Lawrence, 477-489. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625459

Barley, Stephen R. 1989. “Careers, Identities, and Institutions: The Legacy of the Chicago School of Sociology”. En Handbook of Career Theory, editado por Michael B. Arthur, Douglas T. Hall y Barbara S. Lawrence, 41-65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625459.005

Baruch, Yehuda y Douglas T. Hall. 2004. “The Academic Career: A Model for Future Careers in Other Sectors?”. Journal of Vocational Behavior 64 (2): 241-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2002.11.002

Bazeley, Pat. 2003. “Defining ‘Early Career’ in Research”. Higher Education 45: 257-279. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022698529612

Becker, Howard. 2009. Outsiders: hacia una sociología de la desviación. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editores.

Becker, Howard y Anselm L. Strauss. 1956. “Careers, Personality, and Adult Socialization”. American Journal of Sociology 62 (3): 253-263. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2772919

Becker, Howard y James Carper. 1956. “The Elements of Identification with an Occupation”. American Sociological Review 21 (3): 341-348. https://doi.org/10.2307/2089290

Bosanquet, Agnes, Alana Mailey, Kelly E. Matthews y Jason M. Lodge. 2017. “Redefining ‘Early Career’ in Academia: A Collective Narrative Approach”. Higher Education Research & Development 36 (5): 890-902. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2016.1263934

Braun, Dietmar. 1998. “The Role of Funding Agencies in the Cognitive Development of Science”. Research Policy 27 (8): 807-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(98)00092-4

Cañibano, Carolina, Richard Woolley, Eric J. Iversen, Sybille Hinze, Stefan Hornbostel y Jakob Tesch. 2019. “A Conceptual Framework for Studying Science Research Careers”. The Journal of Technology Transfer 44: 1964-1992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9659-3

Chen, Shuhua, Lynn McAlpine y Cheryl Amundsen. 2015. “Postdoctoral Positions as Preparation for Desired Careers: A Narrative Approach to Understanding Postdoctoral Experience”. Higher Education Research & Development 34 (6): 1083-1096. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2015.1024633

Dalton, Gene W., Paul H. Thompson y Raymond L. Price. 1977. “The Four Stages of Professional Careers: A New Look at Performance by Professionals”. Organizational Dynamics 6 (1): 19-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(77)90033-X

Dany, Françoise y Vincent Mangematin. 2004. “Beyond the Dualism Between Lifelong Employment and Job Insecurity: Some New Career Promises for Young Scientists”. Higher Education Policy 17: 201-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.hep.8300051

Dany, Françoise, Severine Louvel y Annick Velette. 2011. “Academic Careers: The Limits of the ‘Boundaryless Approach’ and the Power of Promotion Scripts”. Human Relations 64 (7): 971-996. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726710393537

Delamont, Sara y Paul Atkinson. 2018. “Communities of Practice and Pedagogy”. En The Wiley Handbook of Ethnography of Education, editado por Dennis Beach, Carl Bagley y Sofia Marques da Silva, 77-81. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118933732.ch4

Duberley, Joanne, Laurie Cohen y Mary Mallon. 2006. “Constructing Scientific Careers: Change, Continuity and Context”. Organization Studies 27 (8): 1131-1151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606064105

Enders, Jurgen y Marc Kaulisch. 2006. “The Binding and Unbinding of Academic Careers”. En The Formative Years of Scholars, editado por Teichler Ulrich, 85-95. Londres: Portland Press.

Fernández Esquinas, Manuel. 2002. “Mercados de trabajo en la ciencia: balance de la investigación y propuesta de marco analítico”. Revista Internacional de Sociología; Tercera Época 60 (32): 35-75. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2002.i32.716

Gläser, Jochen. 2001. “Macrostructures, Careers and Knowledge Production: A Neoinstitutionalist Approach”. International Journal of Technology Management 22 (7-8): 698-715. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTM.2001.002987

Gläser, Jochen y Grit Laudel. 2015. “The Three Careers of an Academic. Discussion Paper”. Berlín: TU Berlin, Center for Technology and Society. https://irp.cdn-website.com/a4711d47/files/uploaded/35_2015discussion_paper_Nr_35_Glaeser_Laudel.pdf

Grant, Maria J. y Andrew Booth. 2009. “A Typology of Reviews: An Analysis of 14 Review Types and Associated Methodologies”. Health Information and Libraries Journal 26 (2): 91-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x

Hermanowicz, Joseph C. 1998. “The Presentation of Occupational Self in Science”. Qualitative Sociology 21: 129-148. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023482510982

Jeppesen, Cynthia Veronica, Mariela Noemi Goldberg, Melina Fischer y César Adrián Diego. 2023. “Capítulo 1. Encuadre teórico conceptual para el estudio de trayectorias de investigadoras e investigadores en el Conicet”. En Las trayectorias de investigadoras e investigadores del Conicet 1985-2020, editado por Cecilia Adrogué, 7-31. Buenos Aires: Conicet.

Kalleberg, Arne y Aage Sorensen. 1979. “The Sociology of Labor Markets”. Annual Review of Sociology 5: 351-379. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2945959

Kaulisch, Marc y Carlo Salerno. 2005. “Comparing Academic Careers Systems: The Cases of Germany, England and US”. Ponencia presentada en la 30th Annual ASHE Conference, 16 de noviembre. Filadelfia, Estados Unidos.

Kaulisch, Marc y Jürgen Enders. 2005. “Careers in Overlapping Institutional Contexts: The Case of Academe”. Career Development International 10 (2): 130-144. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430510588329

Laudel, Grit y Jochen Gläser. 2008. “From Apprentice to Colleague: The Metamorphosis of Early Career Researchers”. Higher Education 55 (3): 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-007-9063-7

Mallon, Mary, Joanne Duberley y Laurie Cohen. 2005. “Careers in Public Sector Science: Orientations and Implications”. R&D Management 35 (4): 395-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00397.x

Mangematin, Vincent. 2000. “PhD Job Market: Professional Trajectories and Incentives during the PhD”. Research Policy 29 (6): 741-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00047-5

Melkers, Julia, Richard Woolley y Quintin Kreth. 2023. “Research Funding and Scientific Careers”. En Handbook of Public Funding of Research, editado por Benedetto Lepori, Ben Jongbloed y Diana Hicks, 301-321. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Merton, Robert King. 1980. “Los imperativos institucionales de la ciencia”. En Estudios sobre sociología de la ciencia, compilado por Barry Barnes, 64-78. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.

Musselin, Christine. 2000. “Perspectives pour une analyse sociologique des marchés du travail universitaire”. L’Année sociologique 50 (2): 521-541. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27889627

Musselin. Christine. 2009. “Profession, Market and Organization: How is Academia Regulated?”. En The Changing Face of Academic Life: Analytical and Comparative Perspectives, editado por Egbert Weert y Jürgen Enders, 117-133. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Rivero, Patricia. 2023. “Dimensiones, categorías e indicadores para el análisis de carreras científicas”. Ponencia presentada en el V Congreso Argentino de Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, 27-29 de noviembre, Bariloche, Argentina.

Rivero, Patricia y Alma Paola Trejo Peña. 2020. “Los programas de repatriación de investigadores de Argentina y México”. Controversias y Concurrencias Latinoamericanas 12 (21): 79-105. https://ojs.sociologia-alas.org/index.php/CyC/article/view/208

Roth, Julius. 1968. “The Study of the Career Timetables”. En Organizational Careers: A Sourcebook for Theory, editado por Barney G. Glaser, 35-49. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.

Stehli, Melania. 2020. “Formarse y volver: creencias y narrativas de experiencias migratorias de investigadores en ciencias sociales del Conicet de tres grupos etarios”. Controversias y Concurrencias Latinoamericanas 12 (21): 107-135. https://ojs.sociologia-alas.org/index.php/CyC/article/view/209

Stehli, Melania y Patricia Rivero. 2022. “Investigadores en etapa temprana de la carrera (earlys career researchers): quiénes son, qué hacen y cómo construyen sus carreras científicas”. Ponencia presentada en el IV Congreso Argentino de Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, 25-28 de octubre. Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina.

Stehli, Melania. 2024. “Convertirse en investigador en contextos cambiantes: los modos de hacer carrera y obtener un puesto en el Conicet por parte de investigadores del área de las ciencias sociales y humanas de diversas edades y regiones del país, desde 1984 hasta 2017”. Disertación doctoral, Universidad Nacional de Rosario.

Stephan, Paula y Jennifer Ma. 2005. “The Increased Frequency and Duration of the Postdoctorate Career Stage”. American Economic Review 95 (2): 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282805774669619

Stephan, Paula E. y Sharon G. Levin. 1997. “The Critical Importance of Careers in Collaborative Scientific Research”. Revue d’Économie Industrielle 79 (1): 45-61. https://doi.org/10.3406/rei.1997.1652

Webster, Jane y Richard T. Watson. 2002. “Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review”. MIS Quarterly 26 (2): xiii-xxiii. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132319

Whitley, Richard. 2003. “Competition and Pluralism in the Public Sciences: The Impact of Institutional Frameworks on the Organisation of Academic Science”. Research Policy 32: 1015-1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00112-9

Whitley, Richard. 2012. La organización intelectual y social de las ciencias. Traducido por Leila Gándara. Quilmes: Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Editorial.

Zabusky, Stacia E. y Stephen R. Barley. 1996. “Redefining Success: Ethnographic Observations on the Careers of Technicians”. En Broken Ladders: Managerial Careers in the New Economy, editado por Paul Osterman, 185-214. Nueva York: Oxford Academic.

Licença

Copyright (c) 2025 Melania Stehli, Patricia Jimena Rivero

Creative Commons License

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.