Revista de Estudios Sociales

rev. estud. soc. | eISSN 1900-5180 | ISSN 0123-885X

A securitização da inteligência artificial: uma análise de seus vetores e consequências

No. 93 (2025-07-25)
  • Mónica A. Ulloa Ruiz
    Observatório Global de Riscos de Catástrofes, Baltimore, Estados Unidos
    ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-041X
  • Guillem Bas Graells
    Observatório de Riscos Catastróficos Globais, Baltimore, Estados Unidos
    ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3541-2208
https://doi.org/10.7440/res93.2025.04

Resumo

Neste artigo, analisa-se o processo de securitização da inteligência artificial (IA) nos Estados Unidos, entendida como a construção discursiva dessa tecnologia enquanto questão de segurança que justifica um tratamento político e regulatório excepcional. Em um contexto de crescente preocupação com os riscos associados ao desenvolvimento da IA, o artigo tem como objetivo identificar os fatores que motivam sua securitização e avaliar as consequências de tal abordagem na formulação de políticas públicas. Para tanto, adota-se a metodologia de análise crítica do discurso a um corpus composto por 25 atos de fala de órgãos governamentais, organizações técnico-científicas e meios de comunicação. A análise revela a coexistência de duas principais gramáticas discursivas: uma baseada em ameaças, que enfatiza a presença de adversários concretos e legitima medidas extraordinárias; e outra baseada em riscos, que favorece respostas preventivas integradas aos quadros regulatórios tradicionais. Além disso, observa-se uma tensão entre as abordagens nacionais de securitização e os processos de macrossecuritização, nos quais a IA é tratada como um risco global que ameaça a humanidade. Essas dinâmicas, influenciadas por fatores institucionais, ideológicos e geopolíticos, geram respostas políticas díspares e, em alguns momentos, contraditórias. A principal contribuição do estudo está em oferecer uma estrutura analítica para distinguir entre diferentes lógicas de securitização e compreender seus efeitos na governança da IA. Conclui-se que uma abordagem baseada na gestão de riscos, e não na identificação de ameaças, favorece respostas sustentáveis e cooperativas no longo prazo. Argumenta-se também que a integração da IA na política convencional, sem recorrer sistematicamente à sua securitização, é essencial para construir quadros regulatórios eficazes e compatíveis com os desafios globais atuais.

Palavras-chave: inteligência artificial, risco catastrófico global, risco existencial, securitização, segurança nacional

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