Educação para a paz: artefatos de memória em ambientes de EFL
No. 1 (2020-03-01)Autor(es)
-
Yeraldine Aldana Gutiérrez1Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, Colombia (yaldanag@correo.udistrital.edu.co)
-
Manuel David Fonseca Guerrero2Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, Colombia (mdfonsecag@correo.udistrital.edu.co)
-
Guillermo Jerez Bohórquez3Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, Colombia (gajerezb@correo.udistrital.edu.co)
Resumo
As experiências de estudantes de inglês como língua estrangeira (EFL) que foram vítimas do conflito armado na Colômbia merecem reconhecimento, reconstrução e reparação. Este artigo relata os resultados de um projeto de pesquisa que teve como objetivo explorar o conteúdo e o valor dos artefatos de memória construídos pelos estudantes, com base em suas experiências no contexto do conflito armado colombiano. Em uma escola pública de ensino fundamental, os alunos podem não ter espaços de diálogo para a inclusão de suas experiências em um ambiente pós-conflito. Consequentemente, foi aplicada uma intervenção pedagógica com cinco sequências didáticas que propunham a construção de artefatos de memória como alternativas para desenvolver processos de resiliência em estudantes com experiências traumáticas. As práticas de interação e os artefatos de memória dos alunos foram coletados por meio de observação participativa, entrevista semiestruturada e análise dos artefatos de memória construídos pelos alunos vítimas. Os resultados sugerem que o conflito armado colombiano influenciou a identidade dos estudantes, cujos papéis no jogo coincidem com os do tipo vítima-agressor do conflito armado. O jogo surge como um espaço de interação, onde as identidades fragmentadas das crianças como vítimas de conflito se manifestam através de práticas e relações de poder violentas e hierárquicas.
Referências
Akwenyu, J. (2012). Victims: The International and Transitional Justice Niche. Paper presented in: The regional Forum on International and Transitional Justice organized by Avocats Sans Frontières-Uganda Mission and the Uganda Coalition of the International Criminal Court. https://asf.be/wpcontent/uploads/2012/10/Victims-The-International-and-Transitional-Justice-Niche.pdf
Aldana, Y. (2014). La cartografía digital: Una aproximación social y comunicacional a la red social Conversation Exchange. Teoría y praxis, 9 (1), 18-38.
Aldana, Y. (2015). Una guía didáctica para el aprendizaje multimodal del español como lengua extranjera. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.
Aldana, Y., Baquero, M. & Rivero, G. (2012). Facebook Taste: A Social Disjunction or a Social Conjunction? Asocopi Nesletters, 1.
Alsina, M. (2000). La comunicación intercultural. Barcelona: Anthropos.
Barón, M. (2015). Las víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano en la Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras: Apropiación y resignificación de una categoría jurídica. Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 23 (46), 121–145. https://doi.org/10.18504/pl2346-121-2015
Bennett, M. (2013). Basic Concepts of Intercultural Communication: Paradigms, Principles, & Practices. Boston: Intercultural Press.
Bhui, B., Silva, M., HardingS., & Stansfeld, S. (2017). Bullying, Social Support, and Psychological Distress: Findings from RELACHS Cohorts of East London’s White British and Bangladeshi Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61 (3), 317-328. http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(17)30150-7/ppt
Blair, E. (2011). Memoria y poder: (des)estatalizar las memorias y (des)centar el poder del Estado. Revista Universitas Humanística, 63-87. http://tesis.udea.edu.co/dspace/bitstream/10495/6077/1/BlairElsa_2011_MemoriaPoderEstatalizar.pdf
Blake, R. (2013). Brave New Digital Classroom. http://press.georgetown.edu/book/languages/brave-new-digital-classroom
Boaz, H., Porat, R., Bar-Tal, D., Bieler. A. & Halperin, E. (2014). Paradoxical Thinking as a New Avenue of Intervention to Promote Peace. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 111 (30), 10996–11001.
Bottero, W. (2004). Class Identities and the Identity of Class. Sociology, 38 (5), 985–1003.
Butcher, S. (2006). Narrative as a teaching strategy. The journal of correctional education, 57(3), 195-208. Retrieved from www.olc.edu/~khecrow/webfolder/Research/Butcher.pdf
Carter, R. & Nunan, D. (Eds.). (2001). The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica. (2013) ¡Basta ya! Colombia: memorias de guerra y dignidad. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2006). Research Methods in Education (6th ed). New York: Routledge/Falmer.
Contreras, J. & Chapetón, C. (2017). Transforming EFL Classroom Practices and Promoting Students’ Empowerment: Collaborative Learning from a Dialogical Approach. PROFILE Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development, 19 (2), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.15446/profile.v19n2.57811
Cortés Gómez, S., García Pernía, M. R., & Lacasa, P. (2012). Videojuegos y redes sociales. El proceso de identidad en Los Sims 3. RED. Revista de Educación a Distancia, (33). https://www.um.es/ead/red/33/lacasa_et_al.pdf
Creese, A., & Martin, P. (2003). Multilingual classroom ecologies: Inter-relationships, interactions and ideologies. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 6 (3-4), 161-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050308667778
Da Silva, L. (2010). Pasados en conflictos de memorias dominantes, subterráneas y denegadas. Debates, (57), 99–124. https://issuu.com/periodicoalmamater/docs/debates_57_septiembrediciemrbe_201
Denov, M. and MacLure, R. (2006). Engaging the Voices of Girls in the Aftermath of Sierra Leone’s Conflict: Experiences and Perspectives in a Culture of Violence. Anthropologica, 48 (1), 73-85.
Estaire, S. & Zanón, J. (2010). El diseño de unidades didácticas para la enseñanza de una segunda lengua. MarcoELE, 11, 410-418.
Gustems, J., Calderón, D., & Calderón, C. (2017). Escena y personaje: análisis interdisciplinar de símbolos sonoros y musicales para la educación superior. Foro de Educación, 15(22), 1-15. http://www.forodeeducacion.com/ojs/index.php/fde/article/view/457/355
Halilovich, H. (2013). Place of Pain: Forced Displacement, Popular memory and Trans-local Identities in Bosnain War-torn Communities. USA: Berghahn books.
Harmer, J. (2008). How to teach English. ELT journal, 62 (3), 313-316.
Harris, I. (2004). Peace education theory. Journal of Peace Education, 1 (1), 5-20.
Hunter, E., Katz, L., Shortt, J., Davis, B., Leve, C., Allen, N., & Sheeber, L. (2011). How Do I Feel about Feelings? Emotion Socialization in Families of Depressed and Healthy Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40 (4), 428-441. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9545-2
International Red Cross Committee (2011). Children Affected by Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Violence. [Workshop report]. https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-4082.pdf
Jenkin, M. (February 27th, 2013). Play in education: the role and importance of creative learning. [Teacher’s blog]. https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2013/feb/27/play-education-creative-learning-teachers-schools
Jimeno, M. (2010). Emoções e política: A vítima e a construção de comunidades emocionais. Mana, 16(1), 99–121. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-93132010000100005
Joniak-Lüthi, A. (2013). The Han Minzu, Fragmented Identities, and Ethnicity. The Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 72 (4), 849-871.
Kalaga, W. & Kubisz, M. (2008). Multicultural dilemmas: identity, difference, otherness. New York: Peter Lang.
Kramsch, C. (2013). Culture in foreign language teaching. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 1 (1), 57-78. Retrieved from: https://es.scribd.com/doc/138271818/Claire-Kramsch-Teaching-Clture-2013
Kruger, F. (2012). The role of TESOL in educating for peace. Journal of Peace Education, 9 (1), 17-30. doi: 10.1080/17400201.2011.623769
Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., Meyers, R., Kauffeld, S., Neininger, A. & Henschel, A. (2011). Verbal Interaction Sequences and Group Mood: Exploring the Role of Team Planning Communication. Small Group Research, 42 (6), 639-668. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html
Leonard, M. (2017). Teens and Territory in ‘Post-Conflict’ Belfast: If Walls Could Talk. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Maldonado, C. & Gómez, N. (2010). El mundo de las ciencias de la complejidad. Bogotá: Editorial Universidad del Rosario.
Martínez, M. (2017). Potenciando el enfoque de la educación para la paz en la enseñanza universitaria española: una propuesta de actividades en asignaturas de lengua inglesa. Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura, 22 (1), 1-18.
Meijers, F., Lengelle, R., and Kopnina, H. (2016). Environmental Identity and Natural Resources: A Dialogical Learning Process. Resources, 5 (1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources5010011
Méndez, P. (2017). Sujeto maestro en Colombia, luchas y resistencias. Bogotá: Universidad Santo Tomás.
Moreno, C. (2015). Formación de la función simbólica por medio del juego temático de roles sociales en niños preescolares. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, 63 (2), 235-241. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/revfacmed/article/view/47983/55858
Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2015). Risks and resilience in immigrant youth adaptation: Who succeeds in the Greek school context and why? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(3), 261-274.
Nikolic-Ristanovic, V., Stevkovic, L. (2016). Women and children as victims and offenders: The impact of armed conflict and post-conflict period challenges. In: H.Kury, S.Redo, E.Shea (eds.) Women and Children as Victims and Offenders: Background, Prevention, Reintegration – Suggestions for Succeeding Generations, Vol. 1 (pp. 559-594). Cham, Switzerand: Springer
Oxford, R., Boggs, R., Turner, J., Ma, R. & Lin, C. (2014). Peace Lessons in Multicultural Literature for Children. In R.Oxford. Understanding Peace Cultures (pp. 193-230). Charlotte: Information Age Publishing.
Peter, S., Bowers, L., Binney, V. & Cowie, H. (2014). Relationships of Children Involved in Bully/Victim Problems at School. In: M.Woodhead,, D.Faulkner & K.Littleton, Making sense of social development (pp. 120-136). London: Routledge.
Philipson, R. (2000). Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford. Oxford University.
Pollak, M. (2006). Memoria, olvido, silencio: la producción social de las identidades frente a situaciones límite. http://cesycme.co/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Pollak.-Memoria-Olvido-y-Silencio.pdf
Rebughini, P. (2014). Subject, subjectivity, subjectivation. Sociopedia, 1-11.
Restrepo, E. (2016). Leaders Against All Odds: Women Victims of Conflict in Colombia. Palgrave Communications, 2, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2016.14
Rodríguez, E. (2013). Aprendiendo resiliencia a través del juego. Rayuela. 9, 34-39. http://revistarayuela.ednica.org.mx/sites/default/files/5.pdf
Rumelili, B. & Todd, J. (2017). Paradoxes of Identity Change: Integrating Macro, Meso, and Micro research on Identity in Conflict Processes. Politics, 38 (1), 3–18.
Sánchez, M. (2010). La paz en Colombia: una responsabilidad del Estado Social de Derecho. Revista VIA IURIS, 9, 141-160.
Sherwood, L. (2014). Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. Boston, USA: Cengage Learning.
Transnational Institute (2016). No Women, No Peace: Gender Equality, Conflict and Peace in Myanmar. Myanmar Policy Briefing, 18, 1-28. https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/myanmar_briefing_18.pdf
Tudor, I. (2001). The Dynamics of the Language Classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Vargas, J., and Flecha, R. (2000). El aprendizaje dialógico como “experto” resolución de conflictos. Revista de Educación, 3, 81–88. https://publicaciones.unirioja.es/ojs/index.php/contextos/article%0A/view/465/429
Vasilopoulos, G., Romero, G., Farzi, R., Shekarian, M. & Fleming, D. (2018). The Practicality and Relevance of Peace in an EFL Teacher Training Program: Applications and Implications. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 16 (1), 1-20. doi: 10.1080/15427587.2018.1520599
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. (2002). Reactively and Proactively Aggressive Children: Antecedent and Subsequent Characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43 (4), 495-505.
Wodak, R. (2013). Critical Discourse Analysis. In: S.Clieveet al. (Ed.), Qualitative Research Practice (pp. 302-317). London: Sage publications.