Naturaleza y Sociedad. Desafíos Medioambientales

Nat. Soc.: Desafíos Medioambient. | eISSN 2805-8631

Estrategias de formulación de inoculantes microbianos como complemento para una agricultura más sostenible en el tiempo

No. 14 (13-02-2026)

Resumen

Los inoculantes microbianos constituyen alternativas sostenibles a los fertilizantes y pesticidas sintéticos, para disminuir la degradación de los suelos y fortalecer la productividad agrícola. El objetivo de esta revisión consistió en analizar las estrategias de formulación que permitan mantener la viabilidad y eficacia de microorganismos benéficos como bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (PGPR) y hongos, frente a condiciones ambientales adversas y en el marco de prácticas agrícolas sostenibles. La metodología consistió en un análisis sistemático de literatura científica publicada entre 1992 y 2025 a través del método PRISMA, y búsquedas en bases de datos especializadas (Web of Science, PubMed, NCBI y Google Scholar). Se seleccionaron artículos originales, revisiones científicas y documentos regulatorios, y se priorizaron estudios sobre formulación de inoculantes, carriers de estabilidad microbiana y regulación de bioinsumos agrícolas, categorizados por temáticas relacionadas. Entre los hallazgos más relevantes se destacan las técnicas de encapsulación y coencapsulación con metabolitos protectores, el empleo de carriers sólidos, líquidos y biopolímeros, y el desarrollo de consorcios microbianos que aumentan la estabilidad y funcionalidad de los bioinoculantes. Asimismo, se identificaron desafíos asociados a la interacción de los inoculantes con la microbiota nativa del suelo, las condiciones edafoclimáticas y la compatibilidad con insumos y prácticas agronómicas convencionales. En conclusión, este análisis permitió establecer que la eficacia de los inoculantes microbianos depende tanto de la selección de cepas eficientes, como de su adecuada formulación y aplicación en campo, factores determinantes para garantizar su estabilidad y desempeño. El artículo aporta una visión actualizada sobre las tendencias y desafíos en la formulación de inoculantes microbianos, al destacar su papel en la transición hacia una agricultura sostenible y resiliente en el tiempo.

Palabras clave: agricultura, degradación de suelos, formulación, inoculantes biológicos, método PRISMA, microorganismos

Referencias

Adesemoye, A. O. y Kloepper, J. W. (2009). Plant–microbe interactions in enhanced fertilizer-use efficiency. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 85(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2196-0

Alekseeva, L. I. y Osemwegie, O. O. (2020). Exopolysaccharides from bacteria and fungi: current status and perspectives in Africa. Heliyon, 6(6), e04205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04205

Allouzi, M. M. A., Supramaniam, C. V., Chong, S. y Singh, A. (2023). Liquid biofertilizers as a sustainable solution for agriculture: Challenges and opportunities. Heliyon, 8(12), e12609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12609

Arora, N. K., Fatima, T., Mishra, I., Verma, M., Mishra, J. y Mishra V. (2018). Environmental sustainability: challenges and viable solutions. Environmental Sustainability, 1(4), 309–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-018-00038-w

Backer, R., Rokem, J. S., Ilangumaran, G., Lamont, J., Praslickova, D., Ricci, E. y Smith, D. L. (2018). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: Context, mechanisms of action, and roadmap to commercialization of biostimulants for sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1473. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01473

Balla, A., Silini, A., Cherif-Silini, H., Chenari Bouket, A., Alenezi, F. N. y Belbahri, L. (2022). Recent advances in encapsulation techniques of plant growth-promoting microorganisms and their prospects in the sustainable agriculture. Applied Sciences, 12(18), 9020. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189020

Bashan, Y., de-Bashan, L. E., Prabhu, S. R. y Hernandez, J. P. (2014). Advances in plant growth-promoting bacterial inoculant technology: Formulations and practical perspectives (1998–2013). Plant and Soil, 378, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1956-x

Bashan, Y., Hernández, J. P., Leyva, L. A. y Bacilio, M. (2002). Alginate microbeads as inoculant carriers for plant growth‑promoting bacteria. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35, 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0481-5

Basu, A., Prasad, P., Das, S. N., Kalam, S., Sayyed, R. Z., Reddy, M. S., El-Enshasy, H. A. y Santoyo, G. (2021). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as green bioinoculants: Recent developments, constraints, and prospects. Sustainability, 13(3), 1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031140

Bhardwaj, D., Ansari, M. W., Sahoo, R. K. y Tuteja, N. (2014). Biofertilizers function as key player in sustainable agriculture by improving soil fertility, plant tolerance and crop productivity. Microbial Cell Factories, 13, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-13-66

Bini, D., Mattos, B.B., Figueiredo, J. E. F., dos Santos, F. C., Marriel, I. E., dos Santos, C. A. y de Oliveira-Paiva, C. A. (2024). Parameter evaluation for developing phosphate-solubilizing Bacillus inoculants. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 55(737–748). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-023-01182-0

Bolan, S., Hou, D., Wang, L., Hale, L. E., Egamberdieva, D., Tammeorg, P., Li, R., Wang, B., Xu, J., Wang, T., Sun, H., Padhye, L. P., Wang, H., Siddique, K., Rinklebe, J., Kirkham, M. y Bolan, N. (2023). The potential of biochar as a microbial carrier for agricultural and environmental applications. Science of The Total Environment, 886, 163968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163968

Bustos, R., Castrillo, G., Linhares, F., Puga, M. I., Rubio, V., Pérez-Pérez, J. y Leyva, A. (2010). A central regulatory system largely controls transcriptional activation and repression responses to phosphate starvation in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genetics, 6(9), e1001102. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001102

Čaušević, S., Dubey, M., Morales, M., Salazar, G., Sentchilo, V., Carraro, N., Ruscheweyh, H.-J., Sunagawa, S. y van der Meer, J. R. (2024). Niche availability and competitive loss by facilitation control proliferation of bacterial strains intended for soil microbiome interventions. Nature Communications, 15(1), 2557. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46933-1

Cesari, A. B., Castilla Marín, V. E., Nieva Muratore, L., Paulucci, N. S. y Dardanelli, M. S. (2024). New inoculation strategy for legume based on Rhizobium-metabolite co-encapsulation. En Medina, C., López-Baena, F.J. (Eds.). Methods in Molecular Biology, Springer Protocols y Humana Press (pp. 261–272). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3617-6_18

Chelliah, R., Rubab, M., Vijayalakshmi, S., Karuvelan, M., Barathikannan, K. y Oh, D. H. (2025). Liposomes for drug delivery: classification, therapeutic applications, and limitations. Next Nanotechnology, 8, 100209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100209

Chen, Y., Feng, S., Liu, Q., Kang, D. y Zou, S. (2025). Drought Modulates Root–Microbe Interactions and Functional Gene Expression in Plateau Wetland Herbaceous Plants. Plants, 14(15), 2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152413

Chiou, T. J. y Lin, S. I. (2011). Signaling network in sensing phosphate availability in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 62, 185–206. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103849

Clagnan, E., Costanzo, M., Visca, A., Di Gregorio, L., Tabacchioni, S., Colantoni, E., Sevi, F., Sbarra, F., Bindo, A., Nolfi, L., Magarelli, R. A., Trupo, M., Ambrico, A., Bevivino, A. y Bevilacqua, C. (2024). Culturomics- and metagenomics-based insights into soil microbial consortia: From natural communities to synthetic application. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1473666. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1473666

Clymo, R. S. y Reed, A. M. (1996). Growth in ombrotrophic peat bogs in the English Lake District. Journal of Ecology, 84(4), 741–754. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261473

Clymo, R. S., Turunen, J. y Tolonen, K. (1998). Carbon accumulation in peatlands: Rates, mechanisms, and climatic controls. Oikos, 81(2), 368–388. https://doi.org/10.2307/3547057

Compant, S., Samad, A., Faist, H. y Sessitsch, A. (2019). A review on the plant microbiome: Ecology, functions, and emerging trends in microbial application. Journal of Advanced Research, 19, 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2019.03.004

Correa-Galeote, D., Bedmar, E. J. y Arone, G. J. (2018). Maize endophytic bacterial diversity as affected by soil cultivation history. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00484

dos Reis, G. A., Martínez‑Burgos, W. J., Pozzan, R., Pastrana Puche, Y., Ocán‑Torres, D., de Queiroz Fonseca Mota, P., Rodrigues, C., Lima Serra, J., Scapini, T., Karp, S. G. y Soccol, C. R. (2024). Comprehensive Review of Microbial Inoculants: Agricultural Applications, Technology Trends in Patents, and Regulatory Frameworks. Sustainability, 16(19), 8720. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198720

Duque, T. S., Pinheiro, R. A., Souza, I. M., Silva, G. G., Soares, M. A. y Dos Santos, J. B. (2024). Herbicides and bio-inputs: Compatibility and challenges for sustainable agriculture. Chemosphere, 369, 143878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143878

Fahey, C., Koyama, A., Antunes, P. M., Dunfield, K. y Flory, S. L. (2020). Plant communities mediate the interactive effects of invasion and drought on soil microbial communities. The ISME Journal, 14(6), 1396–1409. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0614-6

Farias, T. P., Castro, E. M., Tangerina, M. M. P., Rocha, C. Q., Bezerra, C. W. B. y Moreira, F. M. (2022). Rhizobia exopolysaccharides: promising biopolymers for use in the formulation of plant inoculants. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 53(1843–1856). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-022-00824-z

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. (2022). Bioinsumos: Oportunidades de inversión en América Latina. FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/6f0feb21-441d-4662-aed5-03085a951d90/content

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO] y Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils [ITPS]. (2015). Status of the world’s soil resources (SWSR): Main report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://openknowledge.fao.org/3/i5199e/i5199e.pdf

Galbieri, R., de Oliveira, J. A., Negri, B. F., Boldt, A. S., Rizzi, U. S. y Belot, J. L. (2023). Bacillus subtilis as growth-promoting rhizobacteria co-inoculated on Bradyrhizobium-treated soybean seeds in the planting furrow. Revista Ceres, 70(6), e70601. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-737X202370060001

García, M. M., Pereira, L. C., Braccini, A. L., Angelotti, P., Suzukawa, A. K., Marteli, D. C. y Dametto, I. B. (2017). Effects of Azospirillum brasilense on growth and yield compounds of maize grown at nitrogen-limiting conditions. Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 40(2), 353-362. https://doi.org/10.19084/RCA16101

Gauri, S.S., Mandal, S.M. y Pati, B.R. (2012). Impact of Azotobacter exopolysaccharides on sustainable agriculture. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 95, 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4159-0

Glick, B. R. (2012). Plant growth‐promoting bacteria: mechanisms and applications. Scientifica, 2012(1), 963401. https://doi.org/10.6064/2012/963401

Glick, B. R. (2014). Bacteria with ACC deaminase can promote plant growth and help to feed the world. Microbiological Research, 169(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2013.09.009

Gouda, S., Kerry, R. G., Das, G., Paramithiotis, S., Shin, H.-S. y Patra, J. K. (2018). Revitalization of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for sustainable development in agriculture. Microbiological Research, 206, 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2017.08.016

Greffe, V. R. G. y Michiels, J. (2020). Desiccation-induced cell damage in bacteria and the relevance for inoculant production. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10501-6

Herrmann, L. y Lesueur, D. (2013). Challenges of formulation and quality of biofertilizers for successful inoculation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97(20), 8859–8873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5228-8

Hungria, M., Loureiro, M. F., Mendes, I. C., Campo, R. J. y Graham, P. H. (2005). Inoculant preparation, production and application. En Nitrogen fixation in agriculture, forestry, ecology, and the environment (pp. 223-253). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3544-6_11

Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales [Ideam], Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca [CAR] y Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales [U.D.C.A.]. (2017). Protocolo para la identificación y evaluación de la degradación de suelos por salinización. https://observatorio.epacartagena.gov.co/protocolo-para-la-identificacion-y-evaluacion-de-la-degradacion-de-suelos-por-salinizacion/

Jambhulkar, P. P. y Sharma, P. (2012). Comparative survivability of Pseudomonas fluorescens RRb‑11 in different carriers and rhizosphere. The Bioscan, 7(3), 507–512. https://thebioscan.com/index.php/pub/article/view/1082

Jiménez-Arias, D., Morales-Sierra, S., García-García, A.L., Herrera, A.J., Pérez Schmeller, R., Suárez, E., Santana-Mayor, Á., Silva, P., Borges, J.P. y Pinheiro de Carvalho, M.Â.A. (2025). Alginate Microencapsulation as a Tool to Improve Biostimulant Activity Against Water Deficits. Polymers, 17(12), 1617. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17121617

John, R. P., Tyagi, R. D., Brar, S. K., Surampalli, R. Y. y Prévost, D. (2010). Bio-encapsulation of microbial cells for targeted agricultural delivery. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 31(3), 211–226. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2010.513327

Joosten, H. y Clarke, D. (2002). Wise Use of Mires and Peatlands: Background and Principles Including a Framework for Decision Making. International Mire Conservation Group (IMCG) and International Peat Society (IPS).

Kalinowski de Souza, G., de Farias, C. H., de Oliveira Mendes, G., Moreira, F. M. S. y Sampaio, J. A. L. (2019). Soybean inoculants in Brazil: An overview of quality control. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 50(1), 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-018-0028-z

Lambers, H., Mougel, C., Jaillard, B. y Hinsinger, P. (2009). Plant-microbe-soil interactions in the rhizosphere: an evolutionary perspective. Plant and Soil, 321(1), 83-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0042-x

Lehmann, J. y Joseph, S. (2015). Biochar for environmental management: Science, technology and implementation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203762264

Li, H., Nian, J., Fang, S., Guo, M., Huang, X., Zhang, F., ... y Ma, X. (2022). Regulation of nitrogen starvation responses by the alarmone (p) ppGpp in rice. Journal of Genetics and Genomics, 49(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2022.02.006

Lopes, M. J. D. S., Dias-Filho, M. B. y Gurgel, E. S. C. (2021). Successful plant growth-promoting microbes: inoculation methods and abiotic factors. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.606454

Lugtenberg, B. y Kamilova, F. (2009). Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology, 63, 541–556. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162918

Ma, Y. (2019). Seed coating with beneficial microorganisms for precision agriculture. Biotechnology Advances, 37(7), 107423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107423

Malusá, E., Pinzari, F. y Canfora, L. (2016). Efficacy of biofertilizers: challenges to improve crop production. En D. P. Singh, H. B. Singh y R. Prabha (Eds.), Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity (pp. 17-40). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2644-4_2

Malusá, E., Sas-Paszt, L. y Ciesielska, J. (2012). Technologies for beneficial microorganisms inocula used as biofertilizers. The Scientific World Journal, 2012(1), 491206. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/491206

Masclaux-Daubresse, C., Daniel-Vedele, F., Dechorgnat, J., Chardon, F., Gaufichon, L. y Suzuki, A. (2010). Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable and productive agriculture. Annals of Botany, 105(7), 1141–1157. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcq028

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G. y The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097

Montgomery, D. R. (2007). Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. PNAS, 104(33), 13268–13272. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611508104

Morcillo, R. J. L. y Manzanera, M. (2021). The effects of plant-associated bacterial exopolysaccharides on plant abiotic stress tolerance. Metabolites, 11(6), 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11060337

Mosier, S., Córdova, S. C. y Robertson, G. P. (2021). Restoring soil fertility on degraded lands to meet food, fuel, and climate security needs via perennialization. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 706142. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.706142

Mouro, C., Gomes, A. P. y Gouveia, I. C. (2024). Microbial exopolysaccharides: structure, diversity, applications, and future frontiers in sustainable functional materials. Polysaccharides, 5(3), 241-287. doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides5030018

Nadeem, S. M., Zahir, Z. A., Naveed, M. y Arshad, M. (2009). Rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase confer salt tolerance in maize grown on salt-affected fields. Canadian journal of microbiology, 55(11), 1302-1309. https://doi.org/10.1139/W09-092

Ni, B., Xiao, L., Lin, D., Zhang, T. L., Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., ... y Zhu, Y. G. (2025). Increasing pesticide diversity impairs soil microbial functions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(2), e2419917122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2419917122

Niu, B., Chen, H., Wu, W., Fang, X., Mu, H., Han, Y. y Gao, H. (2022). Co-encapsulation of chlorogenic acid and cinnamaldehyde essential oil in Pickering emulsion stabilized by chitosan nanoparticles. Food Chemistry: X, 14(30), 100312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100312

O’Callaghan, M., Ballard, R. A. y Wright, D. (2022). Soil microbial inoculants for sustainable agriculture: Limitations and opportunities. Soil Use and Management, 38(3), 1340–1369. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12811

Panagos, P., Meusburger, K., Van Liedekerke, M., Alewell, C., Hiederer, R. y Montanarella, L. (2014). Assessing soil erosion in Europe based on data collected through a European network. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 60(1), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2013.835701

Pastor-Bueis, R., Sánchez-Cañizares, C., James, E. K. y González-Andrés, F. (2019). Formulation of a highly effective inoculant for common bean based on an autochthonous elite strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli, and genomic-based insights into its agronomic performance. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 2724. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02724

Pereira, J. F., Oliveira, A. L. M., Sartori, D., Yamashita, F. y Mali, S. (2023). Perspectives on the Use of Biopolymeric Matrices as Carriers for Plant-Growth Promoting Bacteria in Agricultural Systems. Microorganisms, 11(2), 467. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020467

Petrillo, C., Vitale, E., Ambrosino, P., Arena, C. y Isticato, R. (2022). Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterial Consortia as a Strategy to Alleviate Drought Stress in Spinacia oleracea. Microorganisms, 10(9), 1798. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091798

Pisarska, K. y Pietr, S. J. (2015). Biodiversity of dominant cultivable endophytic bacteria inhabiting tissues of six different cultivars of maize (Zea mays L. ssp. mays) cropped under field conditions. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 64(2), 163–170. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26373177/

Rani, N., Maiti, A. y Daschakraborty, S. (2024). Comparative study of molecular mechanisms of sucrose & trehalose mediated protection and stabilization of Escherichia coli lipid membrane during desiccation. Chemistry Physics Impact, 8, 100645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2024.100645

Riaz, U., Murtaza, G., Anum, W., Samreen, T., Sarfraz, M. y Nazir, M. Z. (2021). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as biofertilizers and biopesticides. En K. R. Hakeem, A. M. Al-Ahmad y S. A. Hakeem (Eds.), Microbiota and Biofertilizers (pp. 181–196). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48771-3_11

Rodríguez, H. y Fraga, R. (1999). Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion. Biotechnology Advances, 17(4–5), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-9750(99)00014-2

Rojas‑Sánchez, B., Guzmán‑Guzmán, P., Morales‑Cedeño, L. R., Orozco‑Mosqueda, M. d. C., Saucedo‑Martínez, B. C., Sánchez‑Yáñez, J. M., Fadiji, A. E., Babalola, O. O., Glick, B. R. y Santoyo, G. (2022). Bioencapsulation of Microbial Inoculants: Mechanisms, Formulation Types and Application Techniques. Applied Biosciences, 1(2), 198–220. https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1020013

Saberi‑Riseh, R., Skorik, Y. A., Thakur, V. K., Moradi‑Pour, M., Tamanadar, E. y Noghabi, S. S. (2021). Encapsulation of plant biocontrol bacteria with alginate as a main polymer material. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(20), 11165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011165

Stephens, J. H. G. y Rask, H. M. (2000). Inoculant production and formulation. Field Crops Research, 65(2–3), 249-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00090-8

Szabados, L. y Savouré, A. (2010). Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends in Plant Science, 15(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.009

Timmusk, S., Behers, L., Muthoni, J., Muraya, A. y Aronsson, A.C. (2017). Perspectives and challenges of microbial application for crop improvement. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 49. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00049

Tripathi, D. K., Singh, S., Singh, V. P., Prasad, S. M., Dubey, N. K. y Chauhan, D. K. (2017). Silicon nanoparticles more effectively alleviate UV-B stress than silicon in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 110, 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.026

Van der Heijden, M. G., de Bruin, S., Luckerhoff, L., van Logtestijn, R. S. y Schlaeppi, K. (2016). A widespread plant–fungal–bacterial symbiosis promotes plant biodiversity, plant nutrition and seedling recruitment. ISME Journal, 10(2), 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.120

Vassilev, N., Vassileva, M., Martos, V., García del Moral, L. F., Kowalska, J., Tylkowski, B. y Malusá, E. (2020). Formulation of microbial inoculants by encapsulation in natural polysaccharides: Focus on beneficial properties of carrier additives and derivatives. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 270. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00270

Vemmer, M. y Patel, A. V. (2013). Review of encapsulation methods suitable for microbial biological control agents. Biological Control, 67(3), 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.09.003

Vessey, J. K. (2003). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant and Soil, 255, 571–586. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026037216893

Vio, S. A., Martínez Sbrancia, C., Gortari, C., Galar, M. L. y Luna, M. F. (2025). Inoculation of microorganisms into the soil and rhizosphere. En D. Dharumadurai y A. Sankara Narayanan (Eds.), Plant Microbiome Engineering, Methods and Protocols in Food Science. Springer, Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-4180-4_50

Vukicevich, E., Lowery, T., Bowen, P., Úrbez-Torres, J. R. y Hart, M. (2016). Cover crops to increase soil microbial diversity and mitigate decline in perennial agriculture. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 36(5), 48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0385-7

Wei, X., Xie, B., Wan, C., Song, R., Zhong, W., Xin, S. y Song, K. (2024). Enhancing soil health and plant growth through microbial fertilizers: Mechanisms, benefits, and sustainable agricultural practices. Agronomy, 14(3), 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030609

Yaadesh, S., Tomar, G. S., Kaushik, R., Prasanna, R. y Grover, M. (2023). Azospirillum–Bacillus associations: synergistic effects on in vitro PGP traits and growth of pearl millet at early seedling stage under limited moisture conditions. Biotech, 13(3), 90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03503-4

Yahya, M., Rasul, M., Sarwar, Y., Suleman, M., Tariq, M., Hussain, S. Z., ... y Yasmin, S. (2022). Designing synergistic biostimulants formulation containing autochthonous phosphate-solubilizing bacteria for sustainable wheat production. Frontiers in microbiology, 13, 889073. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.889073

Ye, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, H. y Li, X. (2024). Biofuel production for circular bioeconomy: Present status and future perspectives. Science of the Total Environment, 964, 174482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172863

Yu, Z. (2011). Holocene carbon flux histories of the world’s peatlands: Global carbon-cycle implications: Global carbon-cycle implications. The Holocene, 21(5), 761-774. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683610386982

Zambrano-Moreno, D. C., Ramón-Rodríguez, L. F., Van Strahlen-Pérez, M. y Bonilla-Buitrago, R. R. (2015). Industria de bioinsumos de uso agrícola en Colombia / Bioinoculants industry for agricultural use in Colombia. Revista UDCA: Actualidad & Divulgación Científica, 18(1), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.31910/rudca.v18.n1.2015.445

Zuffo, A. M., Rezende, P. M., Bruzi, A. T., Oliveira, N. T., Soares, I. O., Neto, G. F. G., Cardillo, B. E. S. y Silva, L. O. (2015). Co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense in the soybean crop. Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 87-93. https://doi.org/10.19084/rca.16873

Licencia

Derechos de autor 2026 Wilson Gabriel Rodriguez Escucha, Claudia Paola Manquillo Hoyos, Lizeth Adriana Ballesteros Galindo

Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.