Direitos da natureza: sua arquitetura conceitual
No. 4 (01-12-2022)Autor(es)
-
Daniel Bonilla MaldonadoFacultad de Derecho, Universidad de los Andes (Colombia)
Resumo
Neste artigo, é examinada a arquitetura conceitual dos direitos da natureza. Para atingir esse objetivo, o texto está dividido em três partes. Na primeira, analiso as estruturas conceituais que dão forma a três perspectivas paradigmáticas sobre os direitos da natureza: a equatoriana, a boliviana e a neozelandesa. Em específico, exploro as seguintes categorias que constituem a coluna vertebral dos direitos da natureza: (i) sujeito autônomo judicializado, (ii) híbrido cultural, (iii) sagrado e eterno, e (iv) espaço habitado (e constituído) por um conjunto de entes orgânicos e inorgânicos interdependentes. Na segunda parte e como uma forma de compreender de maneira mais clara e precisa a ideia de “natureza-sujeito”, analiso a noção da “natureza-objeto” que emerge paradigmaticamente com a Bíblia, em especial com o livro de Gêneses. A criação do mundo por parte da divindade judaico-cristã bem como a expulsão dos seres humanos do Jardim do Éden são elementos-chave na narrativa que articula a ideia de “natureza-objeto” na cultura ocidental. As diferenças entre os conceitos de “natureza-objeto” judaico-cristã e “natureza-sujeito” culturalmente híbrida me permitem caracterizar e compreender com mais profundidade as dimensões constitutivas da noção de “natureza-sujeito” que aparece na modernidade tardia. Na terceira parte, estudo o conceito de “natureza-sujeito-objeto” que aparece na poesia de Walt Whitman. Sua obra articula de maneira prototípica um dos possíveis pontos intermediários que há entre a natureza-objeto e a natureza-sujeito. A poesia de Whitman oferece um conceito de natureza que é ao mesmo tempo pessoa sagrada e instrumento humano. A natureza, nesse autor, antropomorfiza e se espiritualiza: é mãe e força criadora cósmica. Contudo, também se interpreta como meio para atingir um projeto político particular: a construção de uma democracia moderna no Novo Mundo.
Referências
Acosta Luna, O. I. (2011). Milagrosas imágenes marianas en el Nuevo Reino de Granada. Iberoamericana-Vervuert.
Barié, C. G. (2014). Nuevas narrativas constitucionales en Bolivia y Ecuador: el buen vivir y los derechos de la naturaleza. Latinoamérica. Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos, (59), 9-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1665-8574(14)71724-7
Becker, M. (2011). Correa, indigenous movements, and the writing of a new constitution in Ecuador. Latin American Perspectives, 38(1), 47-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X10384209
Berros, M. V. (2021). Challenges for the implementation of the rights of nature: Ecuador and Bolivia as the first instances of an expanding movement. Latin American Perspectives, 48(3), 192-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X211004898
Biblia de Jerusalén (4.a ed.). (2018). Editorial Desclee De Bourwer.
Bonilla Maldonado, D. (2015). La economía política del conocimiento jurídico. Revista de Estudios Empíricos em Direito, 2(1), 26-59. https://doi.org/10.19092/reed.v2i1.53
Bonilla Maldonado, D. (2019). El constitucionalismo radical ambiental y la diversidad cultural en América Latina. Los derechos de la naturaleza y el buen vivir en Ecuador y Bolivia. Revista Derecho del Estado, (42), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n42.01
Borràs, S. (2016). New transitions from human rights to the environment to the rights of nature. Transnational Environmental Law, 5(1), 113-143. https://doi.org/10.1017/S204710251500028X
Boyes, M. (2010). Re-envisioning nature from a New Zealand Māori perspective [ponencia]. European Institute for Outdoor Adventure Education and Experiential Learning Conference. Ratece-Planica, Eslovenia.
Bruchac, J. (1998). To love the Earth: Some thoughts on Walt Whitman. En J.Perlman, E.Folsom y D.Campion (eds.), Walt Whitman: The measure of his song (pp. 747-757). Holy Cow! Press.
Caballero, L. H. (2020). La Virgen del Cerro. Paisaje e imagen sagrada. Clío. Revista de Historia del Arte, (7). https://historiadelarte.uniandes.edu.co/clio/septima-edicion/la-virgen-del-cerro-paisaje-e-imagen-sagrada/
Carrión Barrero, V. M. (2006). Pintura colonial y la educación de la mirada. Conformación de identidades y de la otredad. Tabula Rasa, (4), 241-265. https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.255
Clifton, J. (1999). Gender and shame in Masaccio’s Expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Art History, 22(5), 637-655. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8365.00180
Constitución de la República del Ecuador. (2008). Registro Oficial, (449), 20 de octubre de 2008. Ecuador. https://www.gob.ec/sites/default/files/regulations/2020-06/CONSTITUCION%202008.pdf
De Lorme, C. y De Lorme, E. (2016). The word painted: The five books of Moses illustrated by the masters. WestBow Press.
Debaise, D. (2017). Nature as event: The lure of the possible. Duke University Press.
Eichmann, A. (2007-2008). La Virgen-Cerro de Potosí: ¿arte mestizo o expresión emblemática? Revista de Historia Americana y Argentina, (42-43), 37-59. https://hdl.handle.net/10171/18298
Folsom, E. y Price, K. M. (2005). Re-scripting Walt Whitman: An introduction to his life and work. Wiley.
Gerhardt, C. (2014). A place for humility: Whitman, Dickinson, and the natural world. University of Iowa Press.
Gisbert, T. (1980). Iconografía y mitos indígenas en el arte. Gisbert y Cía. Editores.
Gudynas, E. (2009a). La dimensión ecológica del buen vivir: entre el fantasma de la modernidad y el desafío biocéntrico. Revista Obets, (4), 49-53. https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2009.4.05
Gudynas, E. (2009b). La ecología política del giro biocéntrico en la nueva Constitución de Ecuador. Revista de Estudios Sociales, (32), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.7440/res32.2009.02
Gudynas, E. (2011). Buen vivir: Today’s tomorrow. Development, 54(4), 441-447. https://doi.org/10.1057/dev.2011.86
Haidar, V. y Berros, V. (2015). Entre el sumak kawsay y la “vida en armonía con la naturaleza”: disputas en la circulación y traducción de perspectivas respecto de la regulación de la cuestión ecológica en el espacio global. Revista Theomai: Estudios Críticos sobre Sociedad y Desarrollo, (32), 128-150. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12442732007
Hollander, M. (2003). Losses of face: Rembrandt, Masaccio, and the drama of shame. Social Research: An International Quarterly 70(4), 1327-1350. http://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2003.0058
Honig, E. (2004). Paradise regained. Rubens, Jan Brueghel and the sociability of visual thought. En J.de Jong, B.Ramakers, F.Scholten, M.Westermann y J.Woodall (eds.), Netherlands yearbook for history of art: Rubens and the Netherlands (vol. 55, pp. 271-301). Waanders Publishers.
Kauffman, C. M. y Martin, P. L. (2017). Can rights of nature make development more sustainable? Why some Ecuadorian lawsuits succeed and others fail. World Development, 92, 130-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.017
Kauffman, C. M. y Martin, P. L. (2018). Constructing rights of nature norms in the US, Ecuador, and New Zealand. Global Environmental Politics, 18(4), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00481
Kepner, D. (1979). From Spears to Leaves: Walt Whitman’s Theory of Nature in “Song of Myself”. American Literature, 51(2), 179-204. https://doi.org/10.2307/2925583
Killingsworth, M.J. (2004). Walt Whitman and the earth: a study in ecopoetic.University of Iowa Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt20mvbwj
Lalander, R. (2014). Rights of nature and the indigenous Peoples in Bolivia and Ecuador: a Straitjacket for Progressive development Politics? Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies, 3(2), 148-172. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2554291
Lalander, R. (2015). Entre el ecocentrismo y el pragmatismo ambiental: consideraciones inductivas sobre desarrollo, extractivismo y los derechos de la naturaleza en Bolivia y Ecuador. Revista Chilena de Derecho y Ciencia Política, 6(1), 109-152. https://doi.org/10.7770/rchdcp-V6N1-art837
Latour, B. (2004). Politics of nature: How to bring the sciences into democracy (C.Porter, trad.).Harvard University Press.
Ley 71, Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra. (2010). Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, (205NEC), 22 de diciembre de 2010. Bolivia. http://www.gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/edicions/view/205NEC
Ley 300, Ley Marco de la Madre Tierra y Desarrollo Integral para Vivir Bien. (2012). Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, (431NEC), 15 de octubre de 2012. Bolivia. http://www.gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/edicions/view/431NEC
Llasag Fernández, R. (2009). El sumak kawsay y sus restricciones constitucionales. Foro: Revista de Derecho, (12), 113-125. https://revistas.uasb.edu.ec/index.php/foro/article/view/374
McNeill, W. H. (1986). Polyethnicity and national unity in world history: The Donald G. Creighton Lectures 1985. University of Toronto Press.
Moga, E. (2019). Cada hoja es un milagro: la naturaleza en Walt Whitman. En E.Moga (ed. y trad.) y W.Whitman (autor), Walt Whitman: yo soy el poema de la tierra (pp. 13-70). Relee.
Nelson, H. (ed.). (2010). Earth, my likeness: Nature poetry of Walt Whitman. North Atlantic Books.
Papa Francisco. (2015). Carta encíclica Laudato si’ del santo padre Francisco: sobre el cuidado de la casa común. https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/es/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html
Piasecki, B. (1981). Whitman’s “estimate of mature” in Democratic vistas. Walt Whitman Review, 27(3), 101.
Pizarro, F.J. (2001). Identidad y mestizaje en el arte barroco andino. La iconografía. En Barroco: actas do II Congresso Internacional (pp. 197-213).
Post, J. F. S. (2006). Footloose in paradise: Masaccio, Milton, and Renaissance Realism. The Huntington Library Quarterly, 69(3), 403-424. https://doi.org/10.1525/hlq.2006.69.3.403
Sanders, K. (2017). “Beyond human ownership”? Property, power and legal personality for nature in Aotearoa New Zealand. Journal of Environmental Law, 30(2), 207-234. https://doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqx029
Schaff, P. (1882). History of the Christian Church: Vol. III. Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600. Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
Serres, M. (1995). The natural contract (E.MacArthur y W.Paulson, trads.). Michigan University Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9725
Smith, P. J. (2008). Sympathy in Eden. On Paradise with the Fall of Man by Rubens and Brueghel. En C.Göttler y W.Neuber (eds.), Spirits unseen: The representation of subtle bodies in early Modern European culture (pp. 211-244). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004163966.i-367.65
Sutton, W. (1959). The analysis of free verse form, illustrated by a reading of Whitman. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 18(2), 241-254. https://doi.org/10.2307/427270
Tănăsescu, M. (2013). The rights of nature in Ecuador: The making of an idea. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 70(6), 846-861. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2013.845715
Tănăsescu, M. (2016). Environment, political representation, and the challenge of rights: Speaking for nature. Palgrave Macmillan.
Tănăsescu, M. (2020). Rights of nature, legal personality, and indigenous philosophies. Transnational Environmental Law, 9(3), 429-453. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102520000217
Tănăsescu, M. (2022). Ecocene politics. Open Book Publishers. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0274
Te Awa Tupua (Whanganui River Claims Settlement) Act. (2017). Nueva Zelanda. http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/consol_act/tatrcsa2017470/
Te Urewera Act. (2014). Nueva Zelanda. http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/consol_act/tua2014128/
Villavicencio Calzadilla, P. y Kotzé, L. J. (2018). Living in harmony with nature? A critical appraisal of the rights of Mother Earth in Bolivia. Transnational Environmental Law, 7(3), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102518000201
Walsh, C. (2010). Development as buen vivir: Institutional arrangements and (de) colonial entanglements. Development, 53(1), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1057/dev.2009.93
Walsh, C. (2011). Afro and Indigenous life-visions in/and politics. (De)colonial perspectives in Bolivia and Ecuador. Bolivian Studies Journal / Revista de Estudios Bolivianos, 18, 49-69. https://doi.org/10.5195/bsj.2011.43
Westphalen, E. A. (2010). Sobre la concepción de la poesía, con el ejemplo de Whitman. En E. A.Westphalen, La poesía, los poemas, los poetas, y otros ensayos (p. 167). Huerga y Fierro Editores.
Whitman, W. (2019). Walt Whitman: yo soy el poema de la tierra (E.Moga, trad. y ed.). Relee.
Wissenburg, M. (1993). The idea of nature and the nature of distributive justice. En A.Dobson y P.Lucardie (eds.), The politics of nature: Explorations in green political theory (pp. 3-20). Routledge.
Wolf, B. J. (1982). Romantic re-vision: Culture and consciousness in nineteenth-century American painting and literature. University of Chicago Press.
Wolf, B. J. (1985). A grammar of the sublime, or intertextuality triumphant in Church, Turner, and Cole. New Literary History, 16(2), 321-341. https://doi.org/10.2307/468750
Woollett, A. T. y Van Suchtelen, A. (2006). Rubens & Brueghel: A working friendship. J. Paul Getty Museum; Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis.
Zimmerer, K. S. (2013). Environmental governance through ‘‘speaking like an indigenous state’’ and respatializing resources: Ethical livelihood concepts in Bolivia as versatility or verisimilitude? Geoforum, 64, 314-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.07.004
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 Daniel Bonilla Maldonado
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.