Em busca da ordem no caos: anomia, autoritarismo e saúde mental no contexto da crise social no Chile e na Espanha
No. 95 (2026-01-31)Autor(es)
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Anna WłodarczykUniversidad Católica del Norte, ChileORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2106-5324
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Lander MéndezUniversidad del País VascoORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-6949
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Saioa TelletxeaUniversidad del País VascoORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3682-9155
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Marcela RistowUniversity of South Florida, Estados Unidos
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Sara HernándezUniversidad Católica del Norte, ChileORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8837-8145
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Darío PáezUniversidad Andrés Bello y Universidad Católica de Temuco, ChileORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8459-6037
Resumo
A incerteza provocada pela crise de alto impacto ativa mecanismos cognitivos voltados para restaurar o controle e a segurança, o que frequentemente abre espaço para estratégias defensivas, atitudes autoritárias e apoio a líderes fortes. Este artigo examina como a anomia percebida durante um período de crise social está ligada ao mal-estar psicológico por meio de diferentes caminhos político-atitudinais. Com foco no Chile e na Espanha durante a pandemia do coronavírus (covid-19) de 2020, testamos um processo sequencial no qual a anomia percebida está associada a maior apoio a líderes fortes, o que, por sua vez, está relacionado ao aumento do autoritarismo de direita (right--wing authoritarianism, RWA) e ao mal-estar psicológico. Analisamos dados transversais de uma enquete realizada em novembro de 2020 com a população adulta do Chile e da Espanha. As medidas avaliaram a anomia percebida, o apoio a líderes fortes, o RWA e o mal-estar psicológico. Estimamos um modelo de mediação sequencial com inter valos de confiança via bootstrap e comparamos padrões entre países com estimativas separadas e testes de robustez. Os resultados são consistentes com uma associação indireta sequencial de pequena magnitude no Chile: a anomia estava relacionada a um maior apoio a líderes fortes e maior RWA, e a ligação entre RWA e mal-estar era negativa e modesta, o que resultou em um efeito indireto pequeno e negativo. Na Espanha, a relação entre RWA e mal-estar não foi significativa, enquanto a anomia apresentou uma associação direta e positiva com o mal-estar; portanto, a mediação sequencial não foi apoiada. Todas as associações foram de pequenas a moderadas e são interpretadas com cautela, dado o design transversal e o prazo limitado. O estudo propõe uma explicação integradora, que conecta as percepções macro da ordem social à saúde mental individual por meio de orientações sociopolíticas identificáveis. Ao comparar dois países expostos à mesma crise global, mas com histórias políticas recentes diferentes e distintos níveis de confiança institucional, o artigo mostra que a percepção de desintegração social pode estar associada a um aumento do mal-estar psicológico por meio de mecanismos atitu dinais específicos. As descobertas ressaltam a importância de abordar a percepção de desintegração social junto com o apoio à saúde mental em períodos de incerteza coletiva.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Anna Włodarczyk, Lander Méndez, Saioa Telletxea, Marcela Ristow, Sara Hernández, Darío Páez
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.