Desigualdade ou dignidade? Justificativa do sistema por domínio específico e minimização paliativa da discriminação percebida entre grupos minoritários no Chile
No. 95 (2026-01-31)Autor(es)
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Joaquín BahamondesUniversidad Católica del Norte, ChileORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3777-8233
Resumo
Neste artigo examinam-se os mecanismos psicológicos pelos quais as crenças que justificam o sistema mitigam os efeitos adversos da discriminação percebida sobre o bem-estar dos membros de grupos historicamente marginalizados no Chile. Com base na hipótese de legitimidade de status e na teoria da justificativa do sistema, a análise examina se as crenças que legitimam a ordem sociopolítica podem ter uma função paliativa, especialmente quando correspondem a uma dimensão específica de injustiça para uma identidade social determinada. Assim, dois estudos foram realizados nos quais mulheres e mapuches participaram; ambos os grupos ocupam posições estruturalmente desfavorecidas na sociedade chilena. O estudo 1 (N = 1,046) replicou resultados previa mente observados no viés WEIRD, o que demonstrou que as crenças que justificam o sistema — operacionalizadas por meio de avaliações de equidade sistêmica específicas por gênero e etnia — moderam a relação entre o status de grupo e o bem-estar ao atenuar percepções de discriminação entre aqueles que são socialmente desfavorecidos. Os resultados de modelos subsequentes de mediação moderada indicam que crenças mais fortes na justificativa do sistema reduzem a brecha de discriminação percebida entre participantes desfavorecidos e favorecidos, o que reduz as disparidades no bem-estar. O estudo 2 (N = 777) expande a análise anterior ao apontar qual área específica da equidade sistêmica — igualdade distributiva, respeito, dignidade e tradição — melhor prevê a discriminação percebida (ou a ausência dela). Mediante o uso de itens de difer encial semântico e modelos de regressão quadrática, os resultados mostram que, para as mulheres, a redução da discriminação baseada em gênero está alinhada com opiniões moderadas sobre a justiça distributiva. No entanto, entre os participantes mapuche, a dignidade percebida e o respeito social são mais importantes para explicar a atenuação das percepções de discriminação. Em conjunto, esses resultados oferecem novas evidências de que os efeitos paliativos da ideologia são específicos para cada domínio e ressaltam a necessidade de decompor a legitimidade do sistema em cada um de seus componentes para compreender melhor a dinâmica psicológica do enfrentamento ideológico. Ao contextualizar esses mecanismos dentro de uma sociedade latino-amer icana, esta pesquisa avança nas explicações teóricas da justificativa do sistema e destaca como diferentes grupos identitários legitimam a desigualdade ao se apegar a diferentes áreas da equidade do sistema.
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