Modelamiento de conectividad funcional para especies sombrilla en los Andes colombianos: una aproximación desde la teoría de circuitos y modelos de nicho
No. 16 | 27-07-2026Autor/a(es/as)
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Eduart Enrique Obando CertucheUniversidad del Cauca (Colombia)Identificador ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9679-0382
Resumen
La fragmentación sistemática de los hábitats en los Andes colombianos representa una amenaza crítica para la persistencia biológica, lo que requiere estrategias de conectividad funcional robustas que trasciendan de la simple unión física de fragmentos. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de esta investigación fue diseñar una propuesta técnica de corredores ecológicos. Se eligieron al oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus), la danta de montaña (Tapirus pinchaque) y el puma (Puma concolor) como especies sombrilla para mitigar el aislamiento poblacional y favorecer el flujo genético. Se empleó el algoritmo de Máxima Entropía (MaxEnt) a través del paquete kuenm en R para crear modelos de distribución de los taxones, mediante criterios de AICc para evitar el sobreajuste. Para la identificación de los nodos focales, se integraron los modelos de distribución y se aplicó un análisis de densidad de Kernel mediante la localización de núcleos de biodiversidad en los Parques Nacionales Naturales Los Nevados, Las Hermosas, Puracé y el sector de la Laguna de la Cocha. La conectividad se modeló a través de la construcción de una superficie de resistencia que incorporó los modelos de distribución de cada especie y la huella espacial humana. Finalmente, se aplicó la teoría de circuitos mediante el Linkage Mapper para delimitar trayectorias de menor costo. Los resultados arrojaron tres corredores principales (1, 2 y 3). Se revela que el corredor 1 (Nevados-Hermosas) presenta la mayor permeabilidad biológica con el menor costo de trayectoria. Por el contrario, el corredor 3, si bien se consolida como la columna vertebral del flujo biológico hacia el suroccidente del país, enfrenta mayores retos por la resistencia de la matriz. Se concluye que la estabilidad de la red depende de la gestión de la matriz antropogénica en zonas intermedias críticas. La originalidad de este artículo reside en la integración multiescala de modelos de nicho y resistencia biológica, lo que aporta una herramienta técnica de alto impacto para la planificación del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SINAP) en Colombia.
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